Who is entitled to bail before conviction?
Most persons are entitled to bail or recognizance before conviction; excessive bail is prohibited.
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What are the conditions for depriving a person of life, liberty, or property?
No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process or denied equal protection of the laws.
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What is the exception to the right to bail?
Bail may be denied for offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong.
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What is required for a search warrant or warrant of arrest to be issued?
Warrants require probable cause determined by a judge to protect against unreasonable searches and seizures of persons and property.
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What is the presumption regarding the innocence of an accused person?
Every accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty and has the right to be heard.
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When can the privacy of communication and correspondence be violated?
Privacy of communication is inviolable except by court order or for public safety; illegal evidence is inadmissible in court.
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What rights does the accused have regarding witnesses and evidence?
The accused has the right to face witnesses and use compulsory process to produce evidence and witnesses.
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What freedoms are protected regarding speech and assembly?
No law shall abridge freedom of speech, expression, press, peaceable assembly, or the right to petition the government.
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When can a trial proceed in the absence of the accused?
Trials can proceed without the accused if they were arraigned, notified, and their absence is unjustifiable.
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What are the constitutional protections regarding religion?
The law forbids establishing a religion or prohibiting its free exercise, and no religious tests for civil rights.
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