The State regulates monopolies to protect public interest, forbidding all combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition.
How does the State handle monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade? Read More »
A natural-born citizen who lost their Philippine citizenship may still acquire private lands, subject to legal limitations.
Can a former natural-born Filipino citizen acquire private land in the Philippines? Read More »
Congress can reserve certain investment areas for Filipinos or 60% Filipino-owned corporations when the national interest strongly dictates.
When does Congress have the power to reserve certain investment areas for Filipinos? Read More »
Public utility franchises are limited to Filipinos or 60% Filipino-owned corporations, are non-exclusive, and max 50 years.
What are the strict limitations placed on granting franchises for public utilities? Read More »
The national economy aims to distribute wealth equitably, increase goods and services, and expand productivity for the underprivileged.
What are the primary goals of the national economy as outlined in the Constitution? Read More »
The State promotes industrialization and full employment while protecting Filipino enterprises against unfair foreign competition and trade practices.
How does the State approach the promotion of industrialization and full employment? Read More »
The State absolutely owns all natural resources, and with the exception of agricultural lands, they cannot be alienated.
Who holds the ownership of the natural resources in the Philippines? Read More »
Corporations must be at least 60% Filipino-owned to enter into natural resource agreements with the State for 25 years.
The State protects the nation’s marine wealth and reserves its use and enjoyment exclusively for Filipino citizens.
How is the nation’s marine wealth protected by the State? Read More »
The President may enter agreements with foreign corporations for technical or financial assistance in large-scale natural resource extraction.
