How Are Malicious Mischief Complaints Filed?
Learn how Philippine law treats deliberate solar-panel damage, the elements of malicious mischief, filing requirements, penalties, and evidence.
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What Are the Penalties for Fake Deeds by Private Co-Owners?
Learn the penalties and proof required when a private co-owner forges a signature on a land deed under Article 172 of the Revised Penal Code.
What Are the Penalties for Fake Deeds by Private Co-Owners? Read More »
Can Private Valuers Face Fraud Charges for Artwork Appraisal?
Learn when a private art appraiser may face liability for fraudulent valuation, concealment, or misrepresentation under Article 318 of the Revised Penal Code.
Can Private Valuers Face Fraud Charges for Artwork Appraisal? Read More »
Can Stopped Checks Lead to Estafa Charges?
Learn when stopped checks for luxury goods or vehicles may constitute estafa under Article 315(2)(d) of the Philippine Revised Penal Code.
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Can Event Organizers Face Estafa Charges for Vendor Defaults?
Learn when event organizers may face estafa charges for unbooked venues or caterers, and how Philippine law distinguishes fraud from breach of contract.
Can Event Organizers Face Estafa Charges for Vendor Defaults? Read More »
Can Freelancers Face Liability for Selling Source Code?
Can freelancers face criminal liability for selling proprietary source code? Learn how Article 292 applies to confidential software and industrial secrets.
Can Freelancers Face Liability for Selling Source Code? Read More »
What Penalties Apply to Reading Private Financial Mail?
Learn the prison terms under Article 290 for opening, reading, and revealing another person’s sealed financial statements or private mail.
What Penalties Apply to Reading Private Financial Mail? Read More »
Can Email Threats Against Business Reputation Be Prosecuted?
Learn when threatening emails against a business owner may constitute grave threats under Article 282 and what evidence is needed.
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Can a Private Caretaker Face Qualified Theft Charges?
Learn when a private caretaker’s unauthorized taking of farm equipment may constitute qualified theft under Article 310 of the Revised Penal Code.
Can a Private Caretaker Face Qualified Theft Charges? Read More »
How Is Criminal Intent Proven Under the Revised Penal Code?
How Is Criminal Intent Proven Under the Revised Penal Code? Introduction Criminal intent is often decisive in determining whether an accused may be held liable under Philippine criminal law. The prosecution must generally prove not only that the prohibited act occurred, but also that the accused acted with the state of mind required by the
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