• The Laws On Christmas In The Philippines

    The Laws On Christmas In The Philippines

    The Philippine legal system is a civil law system. This means that the Philippines relies on laws enacted by Congress to govern all matters – including Christmas, our favorite holiday. Christmas did not just become a holiday in the Philippines by tradition or religion. As with all red letter days and public holidays, there are laws that govern the celebration of Christmas as a holiday.
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  • LACHES OR STALE DEMANDS: IF YOU SLEEP ON YOUR RIGHTS, YOU MAY LOSE THEM

    LACHES OR STALE DEMANDS: IF YOU SLEEP ON YOUR RIGHTS, YOU MAY LOSE THEM

    This article discusses the doctrine of laches, or when there is an unjustifiable delay in invoking one’s rights.
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  • How Many Incorporators are Required to Form a Corporation?

    How Many Incorporators are Required to Form a Corporation?

    The Revised Corporation Code allows one (1) incorporator for a One Person Corporation (OPC) while a corporation that is not an OPC requires at least two (2) but not more than fifteen (15) incorporators.
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  • What is the Minimum Number of Shares of Stock to Form a Corporation?

    What is the Minimum Number of Shares of Stock to Form a Corporation?

    There is NO minimum number of shares of stock required for a corporation to possess. However, certain industries or corporations with foreign equity are required to have a minimum paid-up capital.
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  • WHEN CAN A COMPANY REFUSE TO GIVE CHRISTMAS BONUS?

    WHEN CAN A COMPANY REFUSE TO GIVE CHRISTMAS BONUS?

    This article explains an instance when a company can withdraw the grant of a Christmas bonus, even if the same has become customary or company practice.
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  • Learn about Philippine Holidays and Special Non-Working Days for 2024

    Learn about Philippine Holidays and Special Non-Working Days for 2024

    This article discusses the Philippine Regular and Special Holidays and Non-Working Days for the year 2024, as declared under Proclamation No. 368.
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  • Understanding Property Ownership: The Legal Significance of the Phrase “Married to” in Transfer Certificates of Title

    Understanding Property Ownership: The Legal Significance of the Phrase “Married to” in Transfer Certificates of Title

    This article discusses the legal significance of the phrase “Married to” in Transfer Certificates of Title.
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  • What Laws Govern Doctors and Medical Practitioners in the Philippines?

    What Laws Govern Doctors and Medical Practitioners in the Philippines?

    This article talks about the practice of medicine in the Philippines
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  • Is a Property Donated during Marriage to only One Spouse Considered Conjugal Property?

    Is a Property Donated during Marriage to only One Spouse Considered Conjugal Property?

    This article answers whether property donated during marriage to one spouse is considered conjugal property.
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  • How to Recover Electronic or Digital Assets under Philippine Law

    How to Recover Electronic or Digital Assets under Philippine Law

    This article talks about how to recover electronic or digital assets under Philippine law.
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  • How does Philippine Law consider Illicit Common Law or De Facto Relationships?

    How does Philippine Law consider Illicit Common Law or De Facto Relationships?

    This article discusses how Philippine Law considers illicit common law or de facto relationships
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  • What are the Effects of a Confession of Judgment under Philippine Law

    What are the Effects of a Confession of Judgment under Philippine Law

    This article talks about the effects of a confession of judgment under Philippine law and procedure.
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  • How Can a Foreigner own a House or a Building in the Philippines?

    How Can a Foreigner own a House or a Building in the Philippines?

    This article talks about foreign ownership of real property, particularly of a house in the Philippines.
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  • Why Petitions for Naturalization are Dismissed?

    Why Petitions for Naturalization are Dismissed?

    This article explores the intricate process of judicial naturalization in the Philippines and delves into the key factors that often lead to the dismissal of such petitions, shedding light on the complexities and nuances of this significant legal journey.
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  • Can a City Ban the Operation of Lotto and Casinos in its Territory?

    Can a City Ban the Operation of Lotto and Casinos in its Territory?

    This article talks about the police power of a local government unit such as city, including the limitations thereof. When lotto and casinos are allowed by the state, a city, through an ordinance, cannot ban the operations thereof in its territory.
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  • Being Loud Can Be a Crime!

    Being Loud Can Be a Crime!

    This article talks about the crime of alarms and scandals such as discharging explosives, making loud noises, disturbing public peace and making a scandal in public punishable under the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines.
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  • Police Power of the State

    Police Power of the State

    This article talks about the police power of the state and how it should be lawfully exercised by the government under the Philippine Constitution.
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  • The Crime of Physical Injuries under Philippine Law

    The Crime of Physical Injuries under Philippine Law

    This article talks about the crime of serious physical injuries, less serious physical injuries, slight physical injuries and maltreatment punishable under the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines.
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  • REPUBLIC ACT 11595: LOWERING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FOREIGN TRADE FIRMS

    REPUBLIC ACT 11595: LOWERING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FOREIGN TRADE FIRMS

    This article discusses the changes introduced by Republic Act 11595 to Republic Act 8762 also known as the Retail Trade Liberalization Act of 2000.
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  • CRIMES INVOLVING CHILD MARRIAGES AND ILLICT RELATIONSHIPS WITH THEM

    CRIMES INVOLVING CHILD MARRIAGES AND ILLICT RELATIONSHIPS WITH THEM

    This article is about Republic Act 11596 which criminalizes and punishes child marriages and cohabitation with children.
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  • Republic Act 11337 also known as the Innovative Startup Act

    his article discusses Republic Act 11337, the law that supports startup companies and business in the Philippines
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  • Philippine Holidays 2023 and Special Non-Working Days

    Philippine Holidays 2023 and Special Non-Working Days

    This article discusses the Philippine Holidays 2023 and Non-Working Days for the year 2023, as declared under Proclamation No. 90.
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  • New Law to Protect Consumers of Financial Products and Services

    New Law to Protect Consumers of Financial Products and Services

    This article talks about Republic Act No. 11765, also known as "Financial Products and Services Consumer Protection Act”. This law aims to protect consumers of financial products and services.
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  • Stricter Requirements and Penalties for Contractors Imposed

    Stricter Requirements and Penalties for Contractors Imposed

    This article talks about Republic Act No. 11711 which amended the old Contractor’s License Law, and increased the fines and penalties, clarified the validity of license to operate and granted longer renewal periods for contractors in good standing.
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  • Solo Parents to Receive Additional Benefits

    Solo Parents to Receive Additional Benefits

    This article talks about Republic Act No. 11861 which expanded the rights and benefits of solo parents or single parents by introducing penalties for violation, creation of a system for registration for Solo Parents, and institutionalized the management of solo parents and benefits by creating a local government office designated to administer, monitor and regulate the identification and registration of solo parents.
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  • Who has Custody over an Illegitimate Child if the Mother Passes Away?

    Who has Custody over an Illegitimate Child if the Mother Passes Away?

    This article answers the question as to who has custody over an illegitimate child after the mother dies.
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  • When a Party is Non-Suited: The Importance and Consequences of Not Attending Pre-Trial

    When a Party is Non-Suited: The Importance and Consequences of Not Attending Pre-Trial

    This article discusses the importance of pre-trial and the effects where a party fails to attend the pre-trial of a case.
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  • What is the Tax Aspect of Closing a Branch or Department of a Company?

    What is the Tax Aspect of Closing a Branch or Department of a Company?

    This article discusses the tax implications and requirements for closing a branch or department of a company.
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  • What is a Proxy?

    What is a Proxy?

    This article is all about corporate proxies, their use, and the laws and regulations that govern them in the Philippines.
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  • Things You Ought to Know About Data Privacy in the Philippines

    Things You Ought to Know About Data Privacy in the Philippines

    This article discusses the key points of the Philippines’ Data Privacy Act of 2012.
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  • Taxing PAGCOR Licensees and Service Providers

    Taxing PAGCOR Licensees and Service Providers

    This article discusses how PAGCOR licensees, service providers and suppliers are taxed.
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  • How to Close a Branch or Department in a Company

    How to Close a Branch or Department in a Company

    This article discusses how to close a department or branch of a company.
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  • How are Consultants Taxed? 

    How are Consultants Taxed? 

    This article discusses how consultants are taxed under Philippine laws.
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  • Can you Be Entitled to Receive Separation Pay and Retirement Pay At the Same Time?

    Can you Be Entitled to Receive Separation Pay and Retirement Pay At the Same Time?

    This article answers whether an employee can be entitled to separation pay and retirement pay simultaneously.
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  • Consent in the Collection of Data: What Type of Consent Does the Data Privacy Law Require?

    Consent in the Collection of Data: What Type of Consent Does the Data Privacy Law Require?

    This article discusses about the different kinds of consent required under the Data Privacy Act, in the collection of data.
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  • Are Cookie Banners required under Philippine Data Privacy Laws?

    Are Cookie Banners required under Philippine Data Privacy Laws?

    This article discusses whether cookie banners are required under the data privacy laws of the Philippines.
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  • Absorbing Employees in a Merger or Takeover

    Absorbing Employees in a Merger or Takeover

    This article talks about the effect of mergers or acquisitions in the status of employment of the employees of the absorbed company.
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  • No Birth Certificate, No Problem! File an Application for Delayed Registration of Birth!

    No Birth Certificate, No Problem! File an Application for Delayed Registration of Birth!

    This article talks about the remedy of filing an application for delayed registration of birth with the local civil registry office where one has no birth certificate.
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  • Failure to Give Child Support as Economic Abuse and Psychological Violence

    Failure to Give Child Support as Economic Abuse and Psychological Violence

    This article talks about the liability of an accused in case of failure to give child support. This may take the form of either economic abuse or psychological violence under RA 9262 or VAWC.
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  • Habitual Absenteeism as a Ground for Termination of Employment

    Habitual Absenteeism as a Ground for Termination of Employment

    This article talks about being fired from work or termination of employment due to habitual or numerous absences.
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  • Who are the Heirs When Someone Dies Without a Will?

    Who are the Heirs When Someone Dies Without a Will?

    This article talks about the people who will inherit or are considered heirs when someone dies without a will.
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  • FDA Suspends Product Registration for Household Hazardous Goods until 2024

    FDA Suspends Product Registration for Household Hazardous Goods until 2024

    This Article discusses the suspension of product registration requirements under FDA Circular No. 2021-011-A.
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  • Continuing A Partnership Business After Partner Withdraws

    Continuing A Partnership Business After Partner Withdraws

    This article discusses continuing a partnership business after a partner withdraws or leaves.
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  • How To Deal with a Work-Related Death in Your Company

    How To Deal with a Work-Related Death in Your Company

    This articles discusses how to deal with work-related death of employees in the company.
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  • Withdrawal of a Partner Dissolves a Partnership

    Withdrawal of a Partner Dissolves a Partnership

    This article discusses the effect of withdrawal of a partner from a partnership or joint venture.
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  • Data Sharing in the Philippines

    Data Sharing in the Philippines

    Republic Act No. 10173, otherwise known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012, protects and regulates the sharing or processing of personal information in the Philippines.
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  • Learning about Electronic Money Issuers (EMI) in the Philippines

    Learning about Electronic Money Issuers (EMI) in the Philippines

    Electronic Money Issuers (EMIs) are regulated by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP).
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  • Bringing in Foreign Investors in Retail Trade

    Bringing in Foreign Investors in Retail Trade

    Foreign investors who wish to engage in retail trade in the Philippines should have a minimum paid-up capital of Twenty-Five Million Pesos (P25,000,000).
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  • Limitations on Foreign Investments and Equity in the Philippines

    Limitations on Foreign Investments and Equity in the Philippines

    Foreign investments are encouraged by the Philippine government to fuel economic growth.  Based on data culled from the National Statistical Coordination Board (“NSCB”), the total approved foreign investments in the Philippines for the year 2014 amounted to P186.9 Billion Pesos (or roughly US$4 Billion Dollars). According to the NSCB, in 2014, Japan is the largest […]
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  • How to Elect Directors of a Corporation

    How to Elect Directors of a Corporation

    Directors are elected by the stockholders of a corporation in an election held where the owners of majority of the outstanding capital stock, whether in person or through proxy, are present.
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  • What You Need to Know When Employing Night Workers

    What You Need to Know When Employing Night Workers

    This article is about night workers. A night worker is one who performs no less than seven (7) consecutive hours of work within the period of 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. The law mandates health assessments, certain facilities and the protection of rights of night workers.
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  • Protection of Trade Names

    Protection of Trade Names

    A trade name pertains to the identity of a company and is given protection by the law even prior to or without registration, against any unlawful act committed by third parties. The right to the exclusive use of a corporate name with freedom from infringement by similarity is determined by priority of adoption. The injured company can seek relief from the SEC.
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  • Learn About the 2022 Philippine Holidays

    Learn About the 2022 Philippine Holidays

    This article discusses the Philippine Holidays, Special Working and Non-Working Days for the year 2022, as declared under Proclamation No. 1236.
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  • Understanding Penalties in Criminal Laws in the Philippines

    Understanding Penalties in Criminal Laws in the Philippines

    This article discusses penalties under criminal laws in the Philippines, the Revised Penal Code, and Special Penal Laws, and how to determine the imposable penalty.
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  • KNOW THIS! HOW LAWS ARE PASSED IN THE PHILIPPINES

    KNOW THIS! HOW LAWS ARE PASSED IN THE PHILIPPINES

    This article discusses how a law is passed in Philippines.
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  • Who is a Nuisance Candidate?

    Who is a Nuisance Candidate?

    This article defines a nuisance candidate as one who puts the election process in mockery, cause confusion among the voters and clearly demonstrate that the candidate has no bona fide intention to run for public office. The Comelec may, motu propio or upon a verified petition (filed within 5 days from the last day for the filing of certificate of candidacy), declare a candidate a nuisance.
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  • New Corporate Income, Reduced Taxes, and New Tax Incentives in the Philippines under RA 11534 (CREATE Act)

    New Corporate Income, Reduced Taxes, and New Tax Incentives in the Philippines under RA 11534 (CREATE Act)

    This article discusses the changes introduced by Republic Act No. 11534 or the CREATE Act on the corporate income tax, other taxes and on fiscal incentives in the Philippines.
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  • Four Things You Need to Establish the Easement of Right of Way

    Four Things You Need to Establish the Easement of Right of Way

    This article talks about the elements and requisites to claim, demand and enforce the easement of right of way.
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  • How do you Dissolve a Corporation in the Philippines?

    How do you Dissolve a Corporation in the Philippines?

    This article sets out the procedure and requirements for dissolving and liquidating a Philippine corporation.
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  • Why the Creation of a Creditors’ Committee is Beneficial for Unsecured Creditors

    Why the Creation of a Creditors’ Committee is Beneficial for Unsecured Creditors

    This article discusses why the creation of a creditors’ committee is beneficial for unsecured creditors in a rehabilitation proceeding under the Financial Rehabilitation and Insolvency Act of 2010.
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  • Steps Required to Declare Cash Dividends in Corporations

    Steps Required to Declare Cash Dividends in Corporations

    This outlines the steps which must be complied with for a corporation to validly declare cash dividends.
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  • Are Christmas Breaks Given to Employees Considered Benefits?

    Are Christmas Breaks Given to Employees Considered Benefits?

    This article talks about Christmas breaks and other employee benefits, and if these can be unilaterally withdrawn by the employee.
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  • How to Implement a Redundancy Program during a Corporate Spin-Off

    How to Implement a Redundancy Program during a Corporate Spin-Off

    This article talks about implementing a redundancy program under a corporate spin-off.
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  • Arbitration as the Preferred Mode of Resolving Disputes in Government Procurement

    Arbitration as the Preferred Mode of Resolving Disputes in Government Procurement

    This article arbitration as a mode of dispute resolution in government procurement and public bidding under Republic Act No. 9184.
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  • The Philippine Party-List System

    The Philippine Party-List System

    This article talks about the Philippine party-list system, its composition, parameters and the method of computing the allocated number of seats.
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  • COVID-19 Labor Advisories from the Department of Labor and Employment

    COVID-19 Labor Advisories from the Department of Labor and Employment

    This Article discusses recent COVID-19 Labor Advisories Issued by the Department of Labor and Employment.
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  • Lowering the Height Requirement for Law Enforcers in the Philippines

    Lowering the Height Requirement for Law Enforcers in the Philippines

    This article discusses Republic Act No. 11549 also known as the PNP, BFP, BJMP and BuCor Height Equality Act, providing new height requirements for employment in the law enforcement service.
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  • Drastic Changes in the Jurisdiction of Courts in Civil Cases

    Drastic Changes in the Jurisdiction of Courts in Civil Cases

    This article discusses Republic Act No. 11576, which changes the jurisdiction of the trial courts in the Philippines.
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  • What is Negotiated Procurement?

    What is Negotiated Procurement?

    This article talks about negotiated procurement or a method of procurement resorted to under extraordinary circumstances whereby the government directly negotiates a contract with a technically, legally and financially capable supplier, contractor or consultant. Negotiated procurement is allowed in cases of two failed biddings, emergency cases, take-over of contracts, adjacent or contiguous contracts, agency-to-agency, exclusive technology services, highly technical consultants, defense cooperation agreements, small value procurement, lease of venue for official use, NGO participation, community participation, international organizations and direct retail purchase of fuel and airline tickets.
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  • Exceptions to Public Bidding in Government Procurement

    Exceptions to Public Bidding in Government Procurement

    This article talks about the exceptions to public bidding in government procurement. This pertains to alternative methods of government procurement such as limited source bidding, direct contracting, repeat order, shopping and negotiated procurement.
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  • What Happens to Government Officials Who File their Certificates of Candidacy?

    What Happens to Government Officials Who File their Certificates of Candidacy?

    Appointive government officials who file their Certificates of Candidacy are considered as deemed resigned while incumbent elective officials may run for an elective position without forfeiting their seats.
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  • What is the Right Against Self-Incrimination?

    What is the Right Against Self-Incrimination?

    The right against self-incrimination includes the right to refuse to take the witness stand and the right to refuse to answer an incriminatory question. This article talks about the constitutional right against self-incrimination, who can use it and when it can be invoked.
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  • Who are Disqualified from Running for Public Office?

    Who are Disqualified from Running for Public Office?

    This article talks about the disqualifications for running for public office embodied in the Omnibus Election Code and Local Government Code.
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  • What are the Qualifications to Run as President of the Philippines?

    What are the Qualifications to Run as President of the Philippines?

    This article talks about the qualifications to run as President of the Philippines. The Constitution mandates that no person shall be elected President of the Philippine unless he is a natural born Filipino citizen, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least 40 years old on the day of the election and a resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years immediately preceding the election.
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  • What is the Effect of the Withdrawal of Certificate of Candidacy?

    What is the Effect of the Withdrawal of Certificate of Candidacy?

    This article talks about the effects of the withdrawal of a Certificate of Candidacy. Although the person ceases to be a candidate for the position, the filing of a withdrawal shall not affect the civil, criminal or administrative liabilities he may have already incurred.
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  • What are the Rights of a Father Over his Illegitimate Child?

    What are the Rights of a Father Over his Illegitimate Child?

    This article talks about the rights of a father over his illegitimate child. Although the mother shall have sole parental authority over the child, the father has visitation rights over his child.
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  • Extrajudicial Settlement of Estate for Deaths from 2018 to Present

    Extrajudicial Settlement of Estate for Deaths from 2018 to Present

    This article talks about the process of extrajudicial settlement of estate of persons who died from January 1, 2018 to present.
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  • Can Probationary Employment Go Beyond 6 Months?

    Can Probationary Employment Go Beyond 6 Months?

    This article talks about the instances wherein the probationary employment period can go beyond 6 months, namely: 1) in apprenticeship agreements 2) employment is covered by special laws 3) practice is established by company policy or required by the nature of the work 4) to give the employee another chance to improve.
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  • In the Absence of a Will, When Can Brothers and Sisters Inherit from their Siblings?

    In the Absence of a Will, When Can Brothers and Sisters Inherit from their Siblings?

    This article discusses the instances when brothers and sisters can inherit from their sibling, in the absence of a will.
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  • Can Illegitimate Children Inherit from their Parents?

    Can Illegitimate Children Inherit from their Parents?

    This article talks about the inheritance rights of illegitimate children.
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  • How to Renew Your US Tourist Visa Without Going to the US Embassy

    How to Renew Your US Tourist Visa Without Going to the US Embassy

    This article talks about renewing your US tourist visa without going to the US Embassy.
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  • The History of Penalizing Credit Card Fraud in the Philippines

    The History of Penalizing Credit Card Fraud in the Philippines

    This article is about punishing credit card fraud in the Philippines.
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  • Pirating or Poaching Employees May be Considered as Tortious Interference

    Pirating or Poaching Employees May be Considered as Tortious Interference

    This article talks about tortious interference and its possible application to poaching and pirating of employees made by competitors.
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  • On Venue of Crimes: Where Do You File A Cybercrime Complaint?

    On Venue of Crimes: Where Do You File A Cybercrime Complaint?

    This article answers the question of where to file and prosecute a criminal case involving a cybercrime.
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  • Can You Fire an Employee for Having an Extra-Marital Affair?

    Can You Fire an Employee for Having an Extra-Marital Affair?

    This article talks about firing an employee for having an extra-marital affair based on serious misconduct, immorality and violation of company policies.
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  • How to Terminate an Employee Based on Loss of Trust and Confidence

    How to Terminate an Employee Based on Loss of Trust and Confidence

    This article talks about the process of terminating or firing an employee based on loss of trust and confidence.
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  • Who Inherits When a Spouse Dies Without a Will?

    Who Inherits When a Spouse Dies Without a Will?

    This article talks about the proper heirs when a spouse dies without a will.
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  • Who are Unworthy to be Heirs?

    Who are Unworthy to be Heirs?

    This article talks about the grounds for unworthiness which prevents a person from becoming an heir in both intestate and testate succession.
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  • Learn How to Disinherit an Heir

    Learn How to Disinherit an Heir

    This article talks about the process of disinheriting heirs in the testator’s last will and testament as well as the grounds or causes for disinheritance of children, descendants, parents, ascendants and spouses.
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  • Recognition of Foreign Divorce in the Philippines

    Recognition of Foreign Divorce in the Philippines

    divorce, recognition of divorce, foreign divorce, divorce by foreign spouse, family law, family lawyer, family attorney, Philippine lawyer, Philippine attorney, family law firm, divorce lawyer, metro manila lawyer, metro manila attorney, best Philippine law firm, topnotch law firm, excellent Philippine lawyer
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  • What is a General Information Sheet?

    What is a General Information Sheet?

    The General Information Sheet is a document embodying certain information about the corporation which is signed and attested to by the Corporate Secretary and usually filed annually with the SEC.
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  • When are Regular Elections in the Philippines Conducted?

    When are Regular Elections in the Philippines Conducted?

    This article talks about the dates for regular elections in the Philippines. Elections for national, local and ARMM officials are done every three (3) years on the second Monday of May.
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  • How to file an Election Protest in the Philippines

    How to file an Election Protest in the Philippines

    This article talks about the nature of an election protest, which is concerned with the issue on who garnered the majority of votes, filed by the losing candidate within ten (10) days from the date of proclamation.
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  • How to Register Your Company with PEZA

    How to Register Your Company with PEZA

    This article talks about the process to have a company registered with the Philippine Export Zone Authority (PEZA).
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  • What are the Requirements for PEZA Registration?

    What are the Requirements for PEZA Registration?

    This article discusses the necessary requirements in order to register a company with the Philippine Export Zone Authority (PEZA).
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  • You can be Punished for Being Mischievous: The Crime of Malicious Mischief

    This article is about the crime of malicious mischief and its corresponding punishment. A person who shall deliberately cause damage to property of another can be guilty of the crime of malicious mischief.
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  • What are the Remedies of an Owner Against Someone Who Built Structures in his Property without his Consent?

    What are the Remedies of an Owner Against Someone Who Built Structures in his Property without his Consent?

    This article talks about the rights of an owner against someone who builds structures on his land in bad faith. In cases of builders in bad faith, a property owner can choose to appropriate the structure, without any obligation to pay any indemnity except for necessary expenses, plus damages; or ask the removal of the structure at the builder’s, etc. expense, plus damages; or compel the builder to pay the value of the land, plus damages.
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  • Summary Deportation of Foreigners in the Philippines

    Summary Deportation of Foreigners in the Philippines

    This article talks about the summary deportation of foreigners. This is done before the Bureau of Immigration in cases when a foreigner is overstaying, undocumented, is a fugitive from justice, has fully served the sentence of his crime which includes deportation as a penalty or a crime involving moral turpitude or the crime of failing to register with the Bureau of Immigration.
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  • How To Legally Move On After The Death Of Your Spouse

    How To Legally Move On After The Death Of Your Spouse

    This article talks about the process of liquidating the conjugal properties after the death of a spouse and the consequences of failure to perform this legal requirement. If liquidation is not done, any disposition thereafter is void and if the surviving spouse remarries, a mandatory complete separation of property shall govern the subsequent marriage.
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  • The Unfaithful Spouse Can Lose Everything In A Legal Separation Case

    The Unfaithful Spouse Can Lose Everything In A Legal Separation Case

    This article discusses one of the effects of legal separation, which is forfeiture of the share of the guilty spouse to the net profits in the conjugal assets.
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  • How To Recover Possession Of Your Dog (Or Other Personal Property) Through Replevin

    How To Recover Possession Of Your Dog (Or Other Personal Property) Through Replevin

    This article discusses the remedy of replevin under Philippine law, to recover possession of personal property unlawfully taken from another.
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  • What Is A Secretary’s Certificate?

    What Is A Secretary’s Certificate?

    This article enumerates the general functions and duties of a Corporate Secretary. Further, this article defines a Secretary’s Certificate as a written document executed by the Corporate Secretary confirming the actions and resolutions of the Board of Directors. When regular on its face, third parties may rely on the Secretary’s Certificate without need of further investigation on the veracity of the facts contained therein.
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  • Gossiping Can Land You In Jail

    Gossiping Can Land You In Jail

    This article is about the crime of gossiping or intriguing against honor and its corresponding punishment. This crime has for its principal purpose to blemish the honor or reputation of a person is punishable by imprisonment of arresto menor (1 day to 30 days) or a fine not exceeding P20,000.00.
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  • Questioning Corporate Takeovers Through Quo Warranto

    Questioning Corporate Takeovers Through Quo Warranto

    This article discusses the legal remedy of quo warranto, as a remedy in corporate takeovers or where the eligibility or qualifications of a person who occupies the position of director, trustee, or officer of a corporation is being questioned.
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  • Can You Work And Receive Social Security Retirement Benefit Simultaneously?

    Can You Work And Receive Social Security Retirement Benefit Simultaneously?

    This article discusses about the grant of retirement benefit under the Social Security Act of 2018, to retirees who still wish to continue employment.
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  • The Crime Of Falsification Of Documents

    The Crime Of Falsification Of Documents

    This article is about the crime of Falsification of Documents, defines the acts amounting to falsification, the persons liable, and the penalty imposed under the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines.
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  • What Is A Board Resolution?

    What Is A Board Resolution?

    This article defines what is a Board Resolution. Corporate powers are exercised by the Board of Directors. A Board Resolution is a formal document which serves as evidence of the actions and matters taken by the directors of the corporation in the meeting duly held.
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  • What is the Crime of Perjury?

    What is the Crime of Perjury?

    This article is about the crime of perjury and its punishment. The crime of perjury is committed by any person who shall knowingly make untruthful statements or make an affidavit, upon any material matter and required by law. It is punishable by imprisonment of up to 2 years and four months.
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  • WHAT IS THE CRIME OF BIGAMY?

    WHAT IS THE CRIME OF BIGAMY?

    This article is about the crime of bigamy and its corresponding punishment. The crime of bigamy is committed by any person who shall contract a second or subsequent marriage before the former marriage has been legally dissolved. It is punishable by imprisonment of up to 12 years.
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  • What Are The Duties Of The Corporate Secretary In Corporate Meetings?

    What Are The Duties Of The Corporate Secretary In Corporate Meetings?

    This article is about the duties of a Corporate Secretary in corporate meetings. The Corporate Secretary is tasked to send out the notices of meetings, receive proxies, certify the existence of a quorum, note the vote of the directors, ensure the proper holding of the meeting and issue a Secretary’s Certificate to attest to what transpired during the meeting.
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  • How Long Is The Life Of A Corporation?

    How Long Is The Life Of A Corporation?

    This article talks about the term of existence of a corporation. Pursuant to the Revised Corporation Code, a corporation shall have a perpetual existence, unless its Articles of Incorporation provides otherwise. The existence of a corporation may be affected by shortening the corporate term, voluntary and involuntary dissolution.
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  • What Are Descriptive Trademarks?

    What Are Descriptive Trademarks?

    This article discusses what are descriptive trademarks. Descriptive trademarks are those which consist exclusively of signs or of indications that may serve in trade to designate the kind, quality, quantity, intended purpose, value, geographical origin, time or production of the goods or rendering of the services, or other characteristics of the goods or services. Pursuant to Sec. 123(j) of the IP Code, such trademarks cannot be registered in the Philippines.
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  • How To Conduct Board Meetings In Accordance With The Revised Corporation Code

    How To Conduct Board Meetings In Accordance With The Revised Corporation Code

    This Article discusses how to conduct board meetings under the Revised Corporation Code. Proper notices must be sent to the directors at least 2 days prior to the board meeting. The Chairman of the Board presides during the meeting and a quorum is necessary to transact corporate business. Directors who cannot attend physically may attend and vote through videoconferencing and other alternative modes of communication.
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  • What Is The Crime Of Grave Threats?

    What Is The Crime Of Grave Threats?

    The crime of grave threats is a crime committed by a person who shall threaten another with the infliction upon the person, honor or property of the latter or of his family of any wrong amounting to a crime.
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  • What Are The Crimes Of Light Threats And Other Light Threats?

    What Are The Crimes Of Light Threats And Other Light Threats?

    The crime of light threats is a crime committed by a person who shall threaten another with the infliction upon the person, honor or property of the latter or of his family of any wrong NOT constituting a crime and there is a demand for money or condition imposed. On the other hand, other light threats consist of threatening another with a weapon or other harm not constituting a crime during a quarrel.
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  • The Law On Christmas In The Philippines

    The Law On Christmas In The Philippines

    The Philippine legal system is a civil law system. This means that the Philippines relies on laws enacted by Congress to govern all matters – including Christmas, our favorite holiday. Christmas did not just become a holiday in the Philippines by tradition or religion. As with all red letter days and public holidays, there are laws that govern the celebration of Christmas as a holiday.
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  • Computing Employee Premium Pay In The Philippines

    Computing Employee Premium Pay In The Philippines

    This article discusses how to compute night shift differential, overtime pay, and premium pay for work during weekly rest periods.
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  • Protecting Property Rights through Adverse Claim Registration

    Protecting Property Rights through Adverse Claim Registration

    This article discusses how to protect your interest in land or other real property by annotating an adverse claim in the certificate of title.
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  • Current FDA Probiotics Regulations in the Philippines

    Current FDA Probiotics Regulations in the Philippines

    This article discusses the Guidelines on Probiotics issued by the Food and Drug Administration of the Philippines.
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  • Jurisprudential Tests of Doing Business in the Philippines

    Jurisprudential Tests of Doing Business in the Philippines

    This article discusses the various tests to determine if an entity is doing business in the Philippines.
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  • Legal Implications of Doing Business in the Philippines

    Legal Implications of Doing Business in the Philippines

    This article discusses the legal implications of doing business in the Philippines without registration or a license.
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  • When Unregistered Foreign Corporations Do Business Online

    When Unregistered Foreign Corporations Do Business Online

    This article discusses when a foreign corporation, doing business through its website or through any online platform, must register or secure a license with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the exceptions to the requirement.
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  • 2021 Philippine Holidays

    2021 Philippine Holidays

    This article discusses the Philippine Holidays for the year 2021, as declared under Proclamation No. 986.
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  • New FDA Requirement on Licensing Household Hazardous Substances

    New FDA Requirement on Licensing Household Hazardous Substances

    This Article discusses the new FDA Circular 2020-025 or the Implementing Guidelines for Administrative Order No. 2019-019 which now requires registration of household hazardous goods in the Philippines. The requirement of registration was previously removed by the Philippine Food and Drug Administration, but reinstated and to take effect beginning 03 September 2020.
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  • Is Hazing Prohibited in the Philippines?

    Is Hazing Prohibited in the Philippines?

    Hazing in the Philippines is prohibited under Republic Act No. 8049 as amended by Republic Act No. 11053.
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  • Extension of Floating Status or Suspension of Employment During a Pandemic

    Extension of Floating Status or Suspension of Employment During a Pandemic

    DO 215 allowed the extension of suspension of employment for a period not exceeding six (6) months.
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  • Everything You Need to Know About Placing an Employee on Floating Status

    Everything You Need to Know About Placing an Employee on Floating Status

    This Article discusses the nature, effects, procedure and requirements, and legality of placing employees under floating status or temporary lay-off.
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  • How to Form a Corporation in the Philippines

    How to Form a Corporation in the Philippines

    In order to set up a corporation in the Philippines, the incorporation process is lodged with the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC).
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  • If the Wife Gives Birth to a Child of Another Man, what is the Status of the Child?

    If the Wife Gives Birth to a Child of Another Man, what is the Status of the Child?

    If the Wife Gives Birth to a Child of Another Man, the child is considered as legitimate unless the husband impugns the legitimacy of the child within the period prescribed by law.
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  • Is the Act of Spreading Nude Photos or Sex Videos in the Internet Punishable in the Philippines?

    Is the Act of Spreading Nude Photos or Sex Videos in the Internet Punishable in the Philippines?

    Spreading the nude photos or sex videos of another without his or her consent is punishable under Republic Act No. 9995, otherwise known as the Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009.
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  • When Commenting in Social Media becomes Cyber Libel

    When Commenting in Social Media becomes Cyber Libel

    This article discusses whether commenting in social media can give rise to liability for cyber libel.
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  • Is there Liability for Cyber Libel for Sharing, Commenting Retweeting, or Liking on Social Media?

    Is there Liability for Cyber Libel for Sharing, Commenting Retweeting, or Liking on Social Media?

    This article answers the question- will someone who posts, likes, or retweets an openly libelous post be liable for the crime of cyber libel.
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  • When is a Person Liable for the Crime of Cyber Libel?

    When is a Person Liable for the Crime of Cyber Libel?

    This article focuses in-depth on the law, elements, penalty imposed, and legal treatment of the crime of cyber libel in the Philippines.
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  • Who has the Right to Decide on the Funeral Arrangements of the Deceased?

    Who has the Right to Decide on the Funeral Arrangements of the Deceased?

    The following hierarchy shall be observed in giving preference to decide on the funeral arrangements of the deceased: the spouse, descendants in the nearest degree, ascendants in the nearest degree and brothers and sisters
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  • How to File a Criminal Case for Adultery Against your Wife in the Philippines

    How to File a Criminal Case for Adultery Against your Wife in the Philippines

    You can file a criminal case for adultery against your wife and her paramour with the Office of the City Prosecutor in the city where they had sexual relations. You need to undergo the process of preliminary investigation.
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  • What are the Rights of Work from Home (WFH) Employees?

    What are the Rights of Work from Home (WFH) Employees?

    Work from Home (WFH) employees are entitled to rights granted by the Labor Code and the Telecommuting Act of 2018. Republic Act No. 11165, otherwise known as the Telecommuting Act, recognizes telecommuting, or work from an alternative workplace with the use of telecommunications and/or computer technologies. A work from home arrangement can be properly considered as telecommuting. Under this law, WFH employees must be given fair treatment. Of course, rights come with responsibilities. Hence, the WFH employee must still abide by the policies of the company. The employer and the employee must adhere to and comply with the Telecommuting Program of the company which stipulates provisions on eligibility, code of conduct, use of equipment, work hours, data privacy, etc.
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  • Who Can File a Case for Adultery?

    Who Can File a Case for Adultery?

    Only the offended husband can file a criminal case for adultery against his wife who had sexual intercourse with another man. Article 333 of the Revised Penal Code penalizes a married woman for having sexual intercourse with another man who is not her husband. That other man or paramour is also held liable if he knew the woman to be married and still had sexual intercourse with her
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  • What is the Dominancy Test in Assessing Trademarks?

    What is the Dominancy Test in Assessing Trademarks?

    The dominancy test focuses on the similarity of the prevalent or dominant features of the competing trademarks that might cause confusion, mistake, and deception in the mind of the purchasing public.
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  • What is the Holistic Test in Assessing Trademarks?

    What is the Holistic Test in Assessing Trademarks?

    The Holistic Test requires that the entirety of the marks in question be considered in resolving confusing similarity of competing trademarks.
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  • Is an Employer Mandated to Provide Work From Home (WFH) Arrangements?

    Is an Employer Mandated to Provide Work From Home (WFH) Arrangements?

    This article discusses the Telecommuting Act, or Republic Act No. 11165, and whether it is mandatory for employers to provide work from home arrangements.
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  • When do You Get your Final Pay When You Resign?

    When do You Get your Final Pay When You Resign?

    This article discusses when you get your final pay when you resign. It discusses recent labor department issuances. Ultimately, you get your final pay within 30 days from resignation.
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  • A 5-Minute Simple Guide to Starting a Business in the Philippines

    A 5-Minute Simple Guide to Starting a Business in the Philippines

    This Article discusses the registration requirements for starting or opening a business in the Philippines.
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  • COVID-19 in the Workplace: A Quick Employer FAQ (Updated as of 20 August 2020)

    COVID-19 in the Workplace: A Quick Employer FAQ (Updated as of 20 August 2020)

    This article is a brief employer's guide to dealing with COVID-19 in the workplace. It discusses about the employer's obligations regarding contact tracing, reporting, office protocol, COVID-19 testing of employees, and medical costs and expenses relating to COVID-19. This article also mentiones the DOH and the local government units as the principal agencies responsible for contact tracing.
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  • How to Compute Your Retirement Pay

    How to Compute Your Retirement Pay

    This article answers basic questions on how to compute employee retirement pay under Philippine Law. This helps employers compute the legal retirement pay due.
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  • What to Do If your Spouse Has Been Missing for Many Years and You Wish to Remarry

    What to Do If your Spouse Has Been Missing for Many Years and You Wish to Remarry

    This Article tackles the requirements, procedure and effects of a declaration of presumptive death on spouse who goes missing and the effects of reappearance.
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  • Can a Muslim-Convert Marry Again?

    Can a Muslim-Convert Marry Again?

    This article discusses the legal issue of bigamy after a subsequent marriage celebrated under Muslim laws. Specifically, it answers the question: Can a Muslim-Convert who is already married marry again during the existence of the first non-Muslim marriage, without being liable for bigamy? Can a married person convert to another religion for the purpose of marrying another? A spouse, by simple expediency of converting to the Muslim faith, cannot validly marry another, without having the first marriage legally dissolved. This is the answer to the question addressed by this article.
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  • How Much Support Should a Parent Give his Child?

    How Much Support Should a Parent Give his Child?

    This article discusses the legal basis and parameters of child support. How much child support must a parent actually give a child? Up to when should support be given? Whose obligation is it to give support to a child? These are some of the questions answered in this article.
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  • How to Claim SSS Unemployment Benefits

    How to Claim SSS Unemployment Benefits

    This article is a brief FAQ on how to apply for SSS unemployment benefits in the Philippines. It talks about the applicable law, those eligible to apply, those disqualified from applying, the documents and requirements for the application, the process, and the limitations of the law in claiming SSS unemployment benefits.
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  • Notarization through Videoconferencing During the Quarantine

    Notarization through Videoconferencing During the Quarantine

    In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Philippine Supreme Court issued A.M. No. 20-07-04-SC known as the 2020 Rules on Remote Notarization of Paper Documents. This issuance allows the notarization of documents in the Philippines through videoconferencing, where the notary public or at least one of the parties to the document is in a locality under community quarantine due to COVID-19.
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  • Filing a Collection Suit for Sum of Money

    Filing a Collection Suit for Sum of Money

    Do you want to collect from the people who borrowed money from you? Where payment of such money claim is the principal relief sought, filing a collection suit is proper.
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  • Q & A on Small Claims Cases in the Philippines

    Q & A on Small Claims Cases in the Philippines

    Do you wish to collect money from someone who owes you but cannot afford to spend on heavy legal fees? Is your lessee not paying his rent but you do not want the hassle of a long court trial? Did you deliver products to your customer yet he did not pay you? Have you experienced […]
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  • Securing a License to Operate with the Food and Drug Administration in the Philippines: What is a License to Operate and When is it Needed?

    Securing a License to Operate with the Food and Drug Administration in the Philippines: What is a License to Operate and When is it Needed?

    What is a License to Operate (“LTO”)? A License to Operate or LTO is a license which must be secured in order to operate or establish an establishment prior to engaging in the manufacture, importation, exportation, sale, offer for sale, distribution, transfer, and where applicable the use, testing, promotion, advertisement, and/or sponsorship of food, drugs, […]
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  • E-Portal: Filing and Application for a License to Operate (LTO) as a Cosmetic / Drug /Medical Device / Food Manufacturer, Importer Or Distributor with the Food and Drug Administration of the Philippines

    E-Portal: Filing and Application for a License to Operate (LTO) as a Cosmetic / Drug /Medical Device / Food Manufacturer, Importer Or Distributor with the Food and Drug Administration of the Philippines

    The LTO Application Process Is Now Streamlined On 02 May 2016, the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) adopted a new application process and form for a License to operate (“LTO”). The application process is now navigable and accessible through the electronic portal found at the FDA website (www.fda.gov.ph). The electronic process for LTO application has […]
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  • Taxes and Transfer of Stocks Listed and Traded through the Local Stock Exchange

    Taxes and Transfer of Stocks Listed and Traded through the Local Stock Exchange

    New Tax Rates on Stock Transfers This article discusses the tax involved in the transfer of stocks which are listed and traded through the Local Stock Exchange. In stock transfers, the tax to be paid is called a Percentage Tax, which is a business tax imposed on stock transfer transactions such as the sale, barter, […]
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  • Prohibited Claims in Food Product Labels under FDA Regulations and Philippine law

    Prohibited Claims in Food Product Labels under FDA Regulations and Philippine law

    Purpose of the Law To protect the public against dishonest or misleading advertising or promotion, and to ensure that every consumer acquires sufficient knowledge to be an informed consumer, particularly in the choice of the consumer products that he or she wishes to purchase or consume, the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) issued Administrative Order […]
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  • What are the FDA Mandatory Label Information for Food Products?

    What are the FDA Mandatory Label Information for Food Products?

    Mandate of the Food and Drug Administration Republic Act No. 3720, or otherwise known as the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, is the law creating the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), which is under the Office of the Secretary of the Department of Health. The FDA is tasked by law to prescribe standards, guidelines, and […]
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  • FDA Requirements for the Issuance of an Authorization for the Sale, Manufacture, Importation or Distribution of a Medical Device in the Philippines

    FDA Requirements for the Issuance of an Authorization for the Sale, Manufacture, Importation or Distribution of a Medical Device in the Philippines

    What is a medical device? The regulations issued by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the Philippines defined a ‘medical device’ as any instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, appliance, implant, in-vitro reagent or calibrator, software, material, or other similar or related article intended by the manufacturer to be used alone, or in combination, for human […]
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  • An FDA Requirement: How to Maintain a Product Information File?

    An FDA Requirement: How to Maintain a Product Information File?

    FDA Issuance Requiring a Product Information File With the end in view of ensuring safety, quality and/or efficacy of the cosmetic products that companies are placing in the market, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued FDA Circular No. 2018-001, which requires a Marketing Authorization Holder (MAH) to keep and maintain a Product Information File. […]
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  • New Procedure: How to Liquidate a Closed Bank in the Philippines

    New Procedure: How to Liquidate a Closed Bank in the Philippines

    The Supreme Court enacts New Rules of Procedure on Liquidation of Closed Banks  The Supreme Court recently enacted new rules of procedure for the liquidation of closed banks in the Philippines. Scheduled to take effect on April 16, 2020, A.M. No.19-12-02-SC governs the Rules on Liquidation of Closed Banks (Rules). The Rules apply to local […]
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  • How to File an Admiralty or Maritime Claim in the Philippines under the New Rules of Procedure

    How to File an Admiralty or Maritime Claim in the Philippines under the New Rules of Procedure

    New Rules of Procedure for Admiralty or Maritime Claims in the Philippines With the end in view of providing a fast, reliable, and efficient means of recourse to Philippine courts and enhancing the administration of justice in Admiralty cases in the Philippines, the Supreme Court promulgated Administrative Matter No. 19-08-14-SC, or otherwise known as the […]
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  • On Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT): How to Engage in a REIT Business in the Philippines

    On Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT): How to Engage in a REIT Business in the Philippines

    Do you want to participate in the real estate business in the Philippines? Do you know where to invest your money in real estate and create a real estate investment trust? If you don’t have the necessary knowledge about real estate investment, this article will help you know the basics about real estate investment trust. […]
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  • How to Apply for a Cosmetic Product Notification in the Philippines

    How to Apply for a Cosmetic Product Notification in the Philippines

    Regulatory Issuance Governing Cosmetic Product Notification From manual application process, the application for cosmetic product notification in the Philippines can now be done online. Aiming to streamline the process by updating the submission of application requirements from the previously manual form to online submissions, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allowed online application process. This […]
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  • Guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration in the Commercial Display, Selling, Promotion, and Advertising of Alcoholic Beverages, and other Beverages that Contain Alcohol

    Guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration in the Commercial Display, Selling, Promotion, and Advertising of Alcoholic Beverages, and other Beverages that Contain Alcohol

    Philippine Regulatory Agency for Beverages with Alcohol In the Philippines, the proper government agency that is authorized under the law to act as the policy formulation and sector monitoring of the Secretary of the Department of Health, on matters pertaining to food, drugs, traditional medicines, cosmetics and household products containing hazardous substances, is the Food […]
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  • Food Product Labeling Requirements of the FDA

    Food Product Labeling Requirements of the FDA

    Regulations that Govern Food Product Labelling in the Philippines The Philippines’ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued Administrative Order No. 2014-0030, or otherwise known as the Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Labeling of Prepackaged Food Products (FDA Labeling Regulations). It covers the labeling of all prepackaged food products, including food supplements, whether locally manufactured, […]
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  • Cosmetic Product Labeling Regulations of the Food and Drug Administration

    Cosmetic Product Labeling Regulations of the Food and Drug Administration

    A cosmetic product is one of the health products regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the Philippines. The office of the FDA responsible in regulating cosmetic products and ensuring compliance with the regulatory approvals imposed by the FDA is the Center for Cosmetics Regulation and Research of the FDA. What is a Cosmetic […]
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  • Drug Labeling Requirements of the Food and Drug Administration

    Drug Labeling Requirements of the Food and Drug Administration

    Governing Regulation for Drug Labelling Requirements The primary sources of information for consumers are the labels and labeling materials, as they provide useful information such as those dealing with the safe and effective use of a drug product (e.g. indication(s), pharmacologic class and dosage), and information dealing with quality (e.g. manufacturing and expiration dates, registration […]
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  • Applying for a Certificate of Product Registration for Food Supplements with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the Philippines

    Applying for a Certificate of Product Registration for Food Supplements with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the Philippines

    What is a food supplement? A food or dietary supplement is a processed food product intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: vitamin, mineral, herb, or other botanical, amino acid, and dietary substance to increase the total daily intake in amounts conforming to the latest […]
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  • Effect, Prohibition, and Penalties for Adulteration and Misbranding of Drug, Food, Cosmetic Products and Medical Devices in the Philippines

    Effect, Prohibition, and Penalties for Adulteration and Misbranding of Drug, Food, Cosmetic Products and Medical Devices in the Philippines

    Prohibition on Adulteration or Misbranding The adulteration or misbranding of any health product and the manufacture, importation, exportation, sale, offering for sale, distribution, transfer, non-consumer use, promotion, advertising, or sponsorship of any health product that is adulterated, unregistered or misbranded. Under the law, health products include food, drugs, cosmetics, devices, biologicals, vaccines, in-vitro diagnostic reagents […]
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  • How to File a Petition for Writ of Habeas Data

    How to File a Petition for Writ of Habeas Data

    Is your right to privacy in life, liberty or security is violated or threatened? If so, you may file a petition for the issuance of a writ of habeas data. A. M. No. 08-1-16-SC provides for the rules on the writ of habeas data. What is a writ of habeas data? The writ of habeas […]
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  • Clarifying Mandatory Requirements for FDA Registration in the Philippines

    Clarifying Mandatory Requirements for FDA Registration in the Philippines

    Do you need to employ a pharmacist, even if your company is selling cosmetic products or medical devices, as a requirement for registration with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the Philippines, or in applying for an LTO with the FDA? To answer this question, we need to understand the legal requirements governing registration […]
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  • How to Apply for Variations with the Food and Drug Administration

    How to Apply for Variations with the Food and Drug Administration

    Do you want to add production lines or change your establishment’s business name? Do you want to transfer the location of your manufacturing plant or add additional floor in your building of production? Do you want to add additional activity of your business such as online ordering and delivery? You can do these provided you […]
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  • Filing a Damage Suit in the Philippines

    Filing a Damage Suit in the Philippines

    What are ‘damages’ under Philippine law? ‘Damages’ is a term defined by the Supreme Court in the case of MEA Builders, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 121484, 31 January 2005, as the sum of money which the law awards or imposes as a pecuniary compensation, a recompense, or satisfaction for an injury done […]
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  • How to Legally Adopt a Child in the Philippines

    How to Legally Adopt a Child in the Philippines

    If you want to legally adopt a child in the Philippines, this guide is for you. We outline in this article the procedure and requirements to adopt a child in the Philippines.
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  • What is Calamity Leave?

    What is Calamity Leave?

    On 08 February 2012, the Civil Service Commission passed Resolution No. 1200289, providing a five-day special emergency leave to government employees directly affected by natural calamity/disaster. The Resolution did not define calamity or disaster but under Republic Act No. 10121, or otherwise known as the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010, State […]
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  • How to be a Legal Guardian of a Minor?

    How to be a Legal Guardian of a Minor?

    We discuss in this article the procedure to be appointed as Legal Guardian of a Minor. In the Philippines, the law provides that the father and the mother shall jointly exercise legal guardianship over the person and property of their minor child wihtout court appointment. If the parents are not available, the court-appointed guardian acts in their stead, in all matters where the decision of a parent is required.
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  • A Quick Remedy to Obtain Child Custody: File a Petition for Habeas Corpus

    A Quick Remedy to Obtain Child Custody: File a Petition for Habeas Corpus

    This article provides an expeditious remedy to obtain custody over a minor child, through a Petition for Habeas Corpus, its legal basis, procedure and effects.
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  • How to Claim Custody Over a Minor Child

    How to Claim Custody Over a Minor Child

    This article provides the solution to the question "How do you Claim Custody Over a Minor Child?". It discusses the grounds, procedure and applicable law.
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  • How to End your Marriage thru Legal Action in the Philippines

    How to End your Marriage thru Legal Action in the Philippines

    How do you end a marriage in the Philippines? This article discusses about the procedure and nuances of filing a Petition for Declaration of Absolute Nullity of Marriage.
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  • How to File for Annulment in the Philippines

    How to File for Annulment in the Philippines

    This is an article about filing for annulment of marriage in the Philippines. It discusses the procedure, grounds, form, and effects of filing a petiton for annulment.
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  • Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) in Legal Separation in the Philippines

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) in Legal Separation in the Philippines

    This article discusses how to be legally separated from your spouse, the nature, process, grounds, and effects of filing a Petition for Legal Separation in the Philippines.
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  • What is Syndicated Estafa?

    What is Syndicated Estafa?

    This article speaks about the crime of syndicated estafa punished under PD 1689. It is the highest form of estafa, and penalized with the highest penalty, which is life imprisonment.
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  • New Penalties for Estafa or Swindling

    New Penalties for Estafa or Swindling

    This article discusses Estafa or criminal fraud under Republic Act No. 10951, which adjusted the legal basis for the penalties imposed under Philippine law.
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  • Another Type of Fraud: Estafa by means of Deceit

    Another Type of Fraud: Estafa by means of Deceit

    This article outlines a form of criminal fraud in the Philippines called Estafa through deceit or false pretenses, the nature of the crime, legal bases or elements, and ways of commiting this kind of estafa.
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  • New Normal: Electronic Filing of Complaints and Posting of Bail

    New Normal: Electronic Filing of Complaints and Posting of Bail

    This article discusses a "new normal" in the Philippines, which is the electronic filing of criminal complaints and Information and electronic posting of bail.
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  • Another type of Fraud: Simple Estafa by Misappropriation

    Another type of Fraud: Simple Estafa by Misappropriation

    This article discusses Estafa or criminal fraud, through conversion or misappropriation, under Article 315(1)(b) of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines.
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  • What Happens During a Preliminary Investigation?

    What Happens During a Preliminary Investigation?

    This article discusses the nature and scope of a preliminary investigation in the Philippines, and procedure, requirements, and the procedure for filing a case in the Philippines.
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  • The Financial Rehabilitation and Insolvency Act of 2010

    The Financial Rehabilitation and Insolvency Act of 2010

    This article is about the Philippines' Financial Rehabilitation and Insolvency Act of 2010, its nature, scope and coverage for businesses, process of application and other legal requirements.
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  • The Threefold Duties of a Director of a Corporation

    The Threefold Duties of a Director of a Corporation

    This article discusses the duties, functions and responsibilities of a director of a corporation, and the board of directors, towards the corporation, the stockholders and under Philippine law.
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  • The Corporation as a Business Structure

    The Corporation as a Business Structure

    This article discusses the corporation as a business structure, its nature, formation, function, ownership of shares and other matters dealing with a corporation as a business entity in the Philippines.
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  • On Corporate Combinations: Acquisitions, Merger and Consolidation of Corporations

    On Corporate Combinations: Acquisitions, Merger and Consolidation of Corporations

    This article discusses about the nature, process, nuances, and consequences of Corporate Combinations, Acquisitions, Merger and Consolidation of Corporations in the Philippines.
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  • Intra-corporate Disputes and Arbitration Under the Revised Corporation Code

    Intra-corporate Disputes and Arbitration Under the Revised Corporation Code

    This article discusses the nature, definition, and the different types of intra-corporate disputes and controversies under the Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines
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  • One Person Corporation: A New Form of Corporation

    One Person Corporation: A New Form of Corporation

    This article discusses setting up, requirements, and other ins and outs of a One Person Corporation (OPC) in the Philippines.
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  • On Corporate Officers: Who Can Be Officers of a Corporation?

    On Corporate Officers: Who Can Be Officers of a Corporation?

    This article deals with the different types, functions, qualifications and disqualifications of coprorate officers under the Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines.
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  • Crimes punished under the New Corporation Code

    Crimes punished under the New Corporation Code

    This article discusses the penal provisions or acts punished, and penalties imposed under Republic Act No. 11232 or Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines.
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  • Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Insurance

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Insurance

    This articles discusses common or frequently asked questions on contracts of insurance, and insurance law in the Philippines.
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  • Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on the General Community Quarantine (GCQ)?

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on the General Community Quarantine (GCQ)?

    This articles features frequently asked questions (FAQss) on the General Community Quarantine in the Philippines
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  • A Transition from Enhanced Community Quarantine to Modified Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ to MECQ)

    A Transition from Enhanced Community Quarantine to Modified Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ to MECQ)

    This article discusses the change from Enhanced Community Quarantine to Modified Enhanced Community Quarantine, the differences between them, and the restrictions, conditions, and regulations that will be in place during the period.
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  • (UPDATED) A 5 Minute Business Guide to Surviving the COVID-19 Pandemic

    (UPDATED) A 5 Minute Business Guide to Surviving the COVID-19 Pandemic

    This is a buisness guide to surviving the COVID-19 Pandemic. It outlines the Philippine government measures reliefs, programs, and remedies that business owners can employ.
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  • Marital Rape: Can a Husband Be Liable for Rape Committed Against His Wife?

    Marital Rape: Can a Husband Be Liable for Rape Committed Against His Wife?

    Spousal Procreation: A Right or Responsibility? Article 68 of Executive Order No. 209, or otherwise known as the Family Code of the Philippines obligates the spouses to love one another, viz: “Art. 68. The husband and wife are obliged to live together, observe mutual love, respect and fidelity, and render mutual help and support.” The […]
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  • Damages Awarded under Philippine Law

    Damages Awarded under Philippine Law

    This article discusses the nature and kinds of damages awarded by courts in the Philippines, including the legal bases for their grant.
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  • The Basics of an Insurance Contract

    The Basics of an Insurance Contract

    This article disucsses the nature and basic implications of an insurance contract in the Philippines, including the applicable law and Supreme Court cases dealing with the subject.
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  • Who Has Parental Authority Over an Illegitimate Child?

    Who Has Parental Authority Over an Illegitimate Child?

    This article discusses which parent, the father or mother, shall have legal custody over an illegitimate child.
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  • Homicide or Murder? What makes the Difference in Philippine Laws?

    Homicide or Murder? What makes the Difference in Philippine Laws?

    This article explains the difference between the crimes of murder and homicide, their respective elements and penalties.
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  • On Bona Fide Occupational Qualification: Can You Be Dismissed Based on Your Weight?

    On Bona Fide Occupational Qualification: Can You Be Dismissed Based on Your Weight?

    This article discusses if weight is a valid occupational requirement, and whether companies can impose certain qualifications employment requirements.
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  • How to Make a Last Will and Testament in the Philippines

    How to Make a Last Will and Testament in the Philippines

    This article discusses how to prepare and draft a Last Will and Testament in the Philippines, particularly a Notarial Will, and how to comply with the legal requirements for the validity of a Last Will and Testament in the Philippines. It also discusses relevant Supreme Court cases on last wills and testaments in the Philippines.
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  • Suing for Unfair Competition in the Philippines

    Suing for Unfair Competition in the Philippines

    This article discusses about the crime of unfair competition in the Philippines, the elements of the crime, the penalty for its commission, and the acts that must be proven to be convicted of the offense. It also discusses relevant Supreme Court cases on unfair competition in the Philippines.
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  • Can You File Estafa and BP 22 at the Same Time?

    Can You File Estafa and BP 22 at the Same Time?

    This article discusses the crimes of Estafa and BP 22 or the Bouncing Checks Law in the Philippines, the respective elements of the crimes of Estafa and BP 22, and whether these two (2) crimes can be filed simultaneously. It also discusses relevant Supreme Court cases on Estafa and BP 22 in the Philippines.
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  • On Forgery of Checks : Who Bears the Loss?

    On Forgery of Checks : Who Bears the Loss?

    This article discuses the issue of forgery of checks and other negotiable instruments like bank drafts and other demand or bearer notes, and answers the question of their validity, and who is liable if they are forged. It also discusses relevant Supreme Court cases on checks and forged negotiable instruments in the Philippines.
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  • Incurred Damage or Loss in Land Registration? Go after the Assurance Fund

    Incurred Damage or Loss in Land Registration? Go after the Assurance Fund

    This article discusses on what can be done if a person sustains damage, injury or is deprived of ownership of land as a consequence of fraudulent registration, or any error, omission or mistake in registration, and the remedies that a person can resort to. It also discusses relevant Supreme Court cases on claims that can be made against the Assurance Fund.
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  • Change of Name and Sex on the Ground of Sex Change

    Change of Name and Sex on the Ground of Sex Change

    This article discusses whether a person can have his or her birth certificate corrected, or entries in the Civil Registry changes, after a sex change or sex reassignment through surgery. It also discusses relevant Supreme Court cases on change of name and sex on the ground of sex change or sex reassignment surgery.
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  • Penalties for Unlawful Acts Under the New Firearms Law of the Philippines

    Penalties for Unlawful Acts Under the New Firearms Law of the Philippines

    This article discusses Republic Act No. 10591, or the Comprehensive Firearms and Ammunition Regulation Act, the new crimes and penalties punished under the law, and also the new crime of Use of an Imitation Firearm, as punished under RA 10591.
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  • RA 10883: The New Anti-Carnapping Law of the Philippines

    RA 10883: The New Anti-Carnapping Law of the Philippines

    This article discusses Republic Act No. 10883, or otherwise known as the New Anti-Carnapping Act of 2016 (RA 10883), a law which punishes carnapping in the Philippines, its penalties and the elements of the crime.
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  • Computer-related Identity Theft is a Serious Cyber Crime

    Computer-related Identity Theft is a Serious Cyber Crime

    This article discusses the cyber crime called Computer-related Identity Theft in the Philippines, its legal basis and the penalties for the cyber crime.
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  • Can an Employee be Dismissed due to Pregnancy Out of Wedlock?

    Can an Employee be Dismissed due to Pregnancy Out of Wedlock?

    This article answers the question "can an employee be dismissed due to pregnancy out of wedlock?" by providing three (3) cases decided by the Philippine Supreme Court.
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  • Punishable Acts Under Republic Act No. 11332

    Punishable Acts Under Republic Act No. 11332

    This article is about the acts punishable under Republic Act No. 11332 (RA 11332) or the Mandatory Reporting of Notifiable Diseases and Health Events of Public Health Concern Act
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  • Grounds for Declaration of Nullity, Annulment, and Legal Separation

    Grounds for Declaration of Nullity, Annulment, and Legal Separation

    This is an article about the grounds and effects of a declaration of nullity of marriage, annulment of marriage, and legal separation.
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  • Bail in the Philippines: Matter of Right or Discretion?

    Bail in the Philippines: Matter of Right or Discretion?

    This article discusses an individual's right to bail in the Philippines, bail as a matter or right and bail as a matter of discretion, and the constitutional rights and limitation of the right to bail.
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  • When can a Corporation be Liable for Tort or Damages?

    When can a Corporation be Liable for Tort or Damages?

    This article deals with corporate liability for tort, and addresses the question on whether a corporation can be held liable, as a juridical entity, for damages arising from negligence.
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  • When Can One Invoke the Right to Privacy in Facebook Posts?

    When Can One Invoke the Right to Privacy in Facebook Posts?

    This article discusses the right to privacy, in relation to posting on social media, particularly on Facebook.
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  • On Death and Taxes: Estate Tax under the TRAIN Law

    On Death and Taxes: Estate Tax under the TRAIN Law

    This article discusses about computing and paying Estate Tax under the TRAIN Law in the Philippines. This applies to succession, settlement of estate, inheritance, estate planning, since Estate tax is a liability to be paid in relation to these aspects of Philippine law on succession.
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  • When are Checkpoints Valid and What do you do?

    When are Checkpoints Valid and What do you do?

    This article discusses the legality of government checkpoints, and your rights during searches done in airports, seaports, moving vehicles, ships, and airplanes.
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  • What Are the Offenses Punishable Under Republic Act No. 11469 or the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act?

    What Are the Offenses Punishable Under Republic Act No. 11469 or the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act?

    This article discusses the penal provisions, crimes and penalties punished or imposed under Republic Act No. 11469 or the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act.
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  • Libel in the Cyberspace

    Libel in the Cyberspace

    Protecting Cyberspace from Cybercrimes In this modern age, with the emergence of mobile internet and wireless broadband subscriptions, almost all our conversations take place in the cyberspace. As of 2020, there are 1.69 billion Facebook users in the world and 330 million monthly active users and 145 million daily active users on Twitter. [1] We often […]
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  • Price Manipulations in the COVID Situation: Punishing Hoarding, Profiteering, and Cartel during crises in the Philippines

    Price Manipulations in the COVID Situation: Punishing Hoarding, Profiteering, and Cartel during crises in the Philippines

    This article discusses about consumer protection from hoarding, profiteering, and cartels, during the COVID-19 crises under the Price Act and Bayanihan to Heal as One Act.
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  • Legal Employee Retrenchment due to COVID-19

    Legal Employee Retrenchment due to COVID-19

    This is how legal retrenchment of employees can be implemented due to COVID-19 in the Philippines.
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  • What is a Trademark?

    What is a Trademark?

    This article discusses about use, function and ownership of trademarks under Philippine law.
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  • What Do You Get When You Resign?

    What Do You Get When You Resign?

    This Article applies to voluntary employee resignation. It discusses what an employee who resigns will actually receive from the company upon resignation.
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  • How to Properly Adopt Remedial Measures in the Company to Mitigate Losses due to COVID-19

    How to Properly Adopt Remedial Measures in the Company to Mitigate Losses due to COVID-19

    The Philippine Government recently issued Guidelines in response to the Ongoing Outbreak of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 or COVID-19
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  • A Guide to Dealing with Suspension of Work Due to Calamities

    A Guide to Dealing with Suspension of Work Due to Calamities

    This article discusses the Philippine government's policy or DOLE's regulations on suspension of work due to natural calamities and disasters.
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  • Why Should You Register Your Trademark?

    Why Should You Register Your Trademark?

    This article discusses the many benefits of trademark registration, including, protection of business identity, access to legal remedies, and prevention of trademark infringement.
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  • How to Sue Someone before the IPO for Copying your Trademark

    How to Sue Someone before the IPO for Copying your Trademark

    This is an article on how to sue someone before the Intellectual Property Office for copying your trademark or trademark infringement.
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  • How to Sue Your Husband for Marital Infidelity Committed Abroad

    How to Sue Your Husband for Marital Infidelity Committed Abroad

    This article tells you how to sue your husband for marital infidelity committed abroad.
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  • How to Maintain your Trademark in the Philippines in 2 Easy Steps

    How to Maintain your Trademark in the Philippines in 2 Easy Steps

    This article is a quick guide to maintaining your trademark registration in the Philippines.
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  • How to Renew a Trademark Registration in the Philippines in 3 Easy Steps

    How to Renew a Trademark Registration in the Philippines in 3 Easy Steps

    This article outlines the short steps to renew a trademark registration in the Philippines.
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  • How to Register a Trademark in the Philippines in 3 Easy Steps

    How to Register a Trademark in the Philippines in 3 Easy Steps

    We can help you register your trademark in three (3) easy steps. This article outlines the steps for trademark registration in the Philippines.
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  • Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Philippine Trademark

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Philippine Trademark

    This is an FAQ guide on Trademark Registration in the Philippines.
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  • How to (Legally) Move On After Being Abandoned by Your Spouse

    How to (Legally) Move On After Being Abandoned by Your Spouse

    To be abandoned by a spouse is indeed a torment which you would not even wish on your enemy. How does one move on from abandonment? In this article, we discuss the effects of abandonment on one spouse and how he or she can move on under the Family Code of the Philippines and relevant laws.
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  • How To Sue Your Wife For Adultery In The Philippines

    How To Sue Your Wife For Adultery In The Philippines

    The sound of wedding bells and the tune of “Here Comes the Bride” are wonderful sounds which most people aspire to hear.  However, once the ceremonies are over and the fairy tale ends, there are some grim realities that beset unfortunate married couples.  One of them is the infidelity committed by one of the parties. […]
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  • 2020 Annual Report Requirement for Foreign Nationals

    2020 Annual Report Requirement for Foreign Nationals

    As it is the start of the year, all foreign nationals are reminded of complying with the Bureau of Immigration’s Annual Report Requirement for 2020 (http://immigration.gov.ph/41-annual-report-a-r). Foreign nationals holding Temporary Visitor’s Visas or Tourist Visas are excluded from this requirement. Mandatory under Philippine Law The annual report is mandatory under Republic Act No. 562 otherwise […]
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  • Analyzing Whether a Business Conduct Contravenes Competition Law Using the Structure-Conduct-Performance Framework

    Analyzing Whether a Business Conduct Contravenes Competition Law Using the Structure-Conduct-Performance Framework

    What is Structure-Conduct-Performance Framework To determine whether a business conduct contravenes antitrust laws, it is necessary to make a competition analysis. The analytical framework that is commonly used in competition analysis is the Structure-Conduct-Performance Framework (SCP).  The SCP approach assumes that there is a stable, causal relationship between the structure of an industry, firm conduct […]
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  • Dawn Raids? No problem.  The Rule on Administrative Search and Inspection under the Philippine Competition Act

    Dawn Raids? No problem. The Rule on Administrative Search and Inspection under the Philippine Competition Act

    The Philippine Competition Act (“PCA”) prohibits certain anticompetitive conduct. The Philippine Competition Commission (“PCC”) is tasked with the enforcement of the law. To successfully prosecute violators of the PCA, the PCC, under the the Philippine Supreme Court issued A.M. 19-08-06-SC, is empowered to conduct dawn raids, and apply for an inspection order before the Special Commercial Court of the place to be inspected is located.
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  • Who let the Dogs Out? What to do When your Dog Bites a Person

    Who let the Dogs Out? What to do When your Dog Bites a Person

    Under Republic Act No. 9482, otherwise known as the Anti-Rabies Act of 2007, the pet owner has responsibilities when his pet dog bites another. He must assist the Dog bite victim immediately and shoulder the medical expenses incurred and other incidental expenses relative to the victim’s injuries
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  • A Law that Can Protect Bloggers?

    A Law that Can Protect Bloggers?

    Approved by President Rodrigo R. Duterte on August 30, 2019, Republic Act No. 11458 (RA 11458) was passed, expanding the existing protection given to print and traditional media publishers, editors or reporters, and granting the same protection to “duly recognized or accredited journalist, writer, reporter, contributor, opinion writer, editor, columnist, manager, media practitioner involved in the writing, editing, production, and dissemination of news for mass circulation, of any print, broadcast, wire service organization, or electronic mass media, including cable TV and its variants.”
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  • Community Service as A Penalty for a Felony

    Community Service as A Penalty for a Felony

    Under the Community Service Act, the court may, in its discretion, and lieu of service in jail, require that the penalties of arresto menor and arresto mayor be served by the defendant by rendering community service in the place where the crime was committed, and under such terms as the court shall determine, taking into consideration the gravity of the offence and the circumstances of the case.
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  • 2020 Philippine Holidays

    2020 Philippine Holidays

    On November 15, 2019, President Duterte passed Proclamation No. 845, which designates the Philippine holidays, specifically regular and special non-working days, for the year 2020.
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  • A Guide on One Person Corporations in the Philippines

    A Guide on One Person Corporations in the Philippines

    A One Person Corporation (”OPC”) may be formed in the Philippines whereby the OPC is composed of a single stockholder who can only be a natural person, trust or estate. Its term of existence is perpetual but in case of a trust or estate, the term shall be co-terminous with the existence of the trust or estate.
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  • A Law for Left Handed-Students

    A Law for Left Handed-Students

    Approved by the President on August 22, 2019, Republic Act No. 11394 (RA 11394) makes its obligatory for all schools, both public and private, that makes use of armchairs in the classroom, to provide neutral desks to all students. RA 11394 even defined a neutral desk to mean “a table or an armchair that is suitable for both right-handed and left-handed students.” The law further required that at least ten percent (10%) of the student population be provided with neutral desks.
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  • An Unregulated Franchising Environment (updated October 2019)

    An Unregulated Franchising Environment (updated October 2019)

    In the Philippines, there is no requirement to register a franchising agreement. A Technology Transfer Arrangement need not be registered with the Intellectual Property Office if it complies with the mandatory provisions and does not contain any of the prohibited clauses. On the other hand, some countries require that the franchise agreement be registered and oftentimes updated annually. Parenthetically, since there is no law specifically addressed at franchising, there is also no government agency charged with regulating the business of franchising in the Philippines. Perhaps, it is about time that Congress enact a law on franchising to protect the legitimate players in such thriving industry.
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  • Temping in the Judiciary? Judges-at-Large Law Passed

    Temping in the Judiciary? Judges-at-Large Law Passed

    Prompted by the heavily clogged dockets of the courts, the lack of magistrates and the seemingly inadequate number of courts to hear and decide the mounting scores of cases remain in the Philippine Judicial System, the Congress passed Republic Act No. 11459 otherwise known as the Judges-at-Large Act of 2019.
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  • On Video and Audio Recording using your Mobile Phone

    On Video and Audio Recording using your Mobile Phone

    With advancements in mobile technology, the average person can now record a documentary, or even an explosive exposé, merely using one’s mobile phone, with crystal clear picture and sound, that may even impress professionals. However, you must always be careful with who and what you record with your phone. Chances are, if you recorded a […]
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  • Cyber Libel: Liability for Posting in Social Media

    Cyber Libel: Liability for Posting in Social Media

    In response to developments in technology and the ever-growing use of multiple forms of social media in the Philippines, Congress enacted Republic Act No. 10175, also known as the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012. Law Defining Cyber Libel R.A. 10175 deals with many crimes, including byber libel. Sec. 4(c)(4) of R.A. 10175 states: “(4) Libel. […]
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  • Antitrust/ Competition Law: Investigation of Administrative Cases involving Anti-Competitive Conduct before the Philippine Competition Commission

    Antitrust/ Competition Law: Investigation of Administrative Cases involving Anti-Competitive Conduct before the Philippine Competition Commission

    Antitrust/ Competition Law: Investigation of Administrative Cases involving Anti-Competitive Conduct before the Philippine Competition Commission* The Philippine Competition Commission (“PCC”) shall have original and primary jurisdiction over the enforcement and implementation of Republic Act No. 10667, otherwise known as the Philippine Competition Act (“PCA”).[i] It has the power to conduct inquiries and investigate, upon complaint […]
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  • Antitrust/ Competition Law: Relevant Product Market and the Hypothetical Monopolist Test

    Antitrust/ Competition Law: Relevant Product Market and the Hypothetical Monopolist Test

    Antitrust/ Competition Law: Relevant Product Market and the Hypothetical Monopolist Test*   Market definition is usually the first step in competition analysis because the concepts that will be used in the analysis occur in the market (i.e. market power, competition, statutory restrictions, etc.).  Furthermore, defining the market is relevant in calculating and determining variables such […]
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  • Antitrust/ Competition Law: Vertical Restraints and Exclusive Dealing

    Antitrust/ Competition Law: Vertical Restraints and Exclusive Dealing

    Antitrust/ Competition Law: Vertical Restraints and Exclusive Dealing* A vertical agreement is an agreement or concerted practice entered into between two or more undertakings each of which operates, for the purposes of the agreement or the concerted practice, at a different level of the production or distribution chain, and relating to the conditions under which […]
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  • Antitrust/ Competition Law: Abuse of Dominant Position in Light of Tying Arrangements or Tie-in Sales

    Antitrust/ Competition Law: Abuse of Dominant Position in Light of Tying Arrangements or Tie-in Sales

    Antitrust/ Competition Law: Abuse of Dominant Position in Light of Tying Arrangements or Tie-in Sales* Have you ever experienced a situation wherein your purchase of one product requires you to buy another product? This practice may be classified as a tying arrangement or a tie-in sale which may be considered a violation of Republic Act […]
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  • Employer’s SSS Condonation Program ends September 2019

    Employer’s SSS Condonation Program ends September 2019

    The Social Security System (SSS) recently issued a reminder/notice to all employers of the current SSS Condonation Program and the fast approaching deadline, to avail of the program. Under the law, a penalty of three percent (3%) per month is assessed on unremitted contributions. This penalty continues to accrue and to compound, from the date […]
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  • No more fees for First-Time Job Seekers

    No more fees for First-Time Job Seekers

    The Philippine government has recently passed Republic Act 11261, also known as the First Time Jobseekers Assistance Act. Passed primarily for the benefit of a first time jobseeker, the hopeful applicant, who is applying for his or her first job, will be exempted from payment of fees or charges which may be assessed by local […]
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  • Energy Conservation given the Green Light under Republic Act No. 11285

    Energy Conservation given the Green Light under Republic Act No. 11285

    Green energy advocates and conservationists, rejoice! Republic Act No. 11285 (RA 11285), otherwise known as the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act, is now binding law in the Philippines. With RA 11285, energy conservation and efficiency are no longer terms within the realm of policy statements. Energy conservation and efficiency have become mandatory, under pain of […]
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  • The Apostille Is In!

    The Apostille Is In!

    Red-ribbon documents are now a thing of the past. Beginning May 14, 2019, the Philippine Government will now accept apostilled (or apostillized) documents as a replacement for legalization or consular authentication with the Philippine Embassy. May 14, 2019 is the official date when the Philippines accedes to the Apostille Convention. Beginning this date, the Philippines […]
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  • The New Social Security Act of 2018

    The New Social Security Act of 2018

    Republic Act No. 11199, otherwise known as the Social Security Act of 2018, expressly repealed Republic Act No. 1161 (the old Social Security Law) and Republic Act No. 8282 (amending the old previous Social Security Law). Signed into law on 07 February 2019, the new charter of the Social Security System took effect on 05 […]
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  • A Glance at Abuse of Dominant Position under Competition and Antitrust Laws

    A Glance at Abuse of Dominant Position under Competition and Antitrust Laws

    The term abuse of dominant position refers to anticompetitive business practices in which a dominant firm may engage in order to maintain or increase its position in the market.[i] Abuse of dominance or monopolization is punished under competition laws worldwide.  In the US, Section 2 of the Sherman Act penalizes a person who shall monopolize, […]
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  • Important Dates for the 2019 Philippine Elections

    Important Dates for the 2019 Philippine Elections

                The election fever has once more hit the Philippines as we brace ourselves for the May 13, 2019 elections. However, it is important to remember that certain acts are prohibited during certain times. Our excitement should not prevent us from acting with utmost cautions to prevent violation of election […]
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  • Philippine Holidays for 2019

    Philippine Holidays for 2019

    Pursuant to Proclamation No. 555, dated 15 August 2018, the Philippine holidays (both regular and special non-working days) for 2019 are as follows: 01 January 2019, Tuesday – New Year’s Day (regular holiday) 05 February 2019, Tuesday – Chinese New Year (Special non-working day) 25 February 2019, Monday – EDSA People Power Revolution Anniversary (Special […]
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  • Registration of Voters in the Philippines

    Registration of Voters in the Philippines

    Suffrage has been defined as the right to vote in political elections. However, it has a deeper meaning than merely exercising the right to vote. Suffrage includes the right to shape the future. After all, in voting, we determine our leaders who will either steer us to the shore of development or to the deep […]
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  • Substitution of Candidates in Philippine Elections

    Substitution of Candidates in Philippine Elections

    Candidates for elective offices can be substituted. Pursuant to Section 77 of Batas Pambansa Bilang 881, otherwise known as the Omnibus Election Code, substitution of candidates is allowed only in cases of death, withdrawal or disqualification of the original candidate. In cases of death or disqualification, the substitute may file his Certificate of Candidacy up […]
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  • A Brief Primer on Petitions to Deny Due Course or Cancel a Certificate of Candidacy in Philippine Elections

    A Brief Primer on Petitions to Deny Due Course or Cancel a Certificate of Candidacy in Philippine Elections

    The information provided by a candidate in his Certificate of Candidacy (COC) cannot be taken lightly. Should a candidate make false statements of a material representation in the COC, his COC may be cancelled or denied due course. Section 78 of Batas Pambansa Bilang 881, otherwise known as the Omnibus Election Code, provides the remedy […]
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  • Certificates of Candidacies in Philippine Elections

    Certificates of Candidacies in Philippine Elections

    The importance of a valid certificate of candidacy rests at the very core of the electoral process. (Bautista vs. Comelec, G.R. No. 154796, 23 October 2003) As such, a person with a cancelled certificate is no candidate at all. The evident purposes of the law in requiring the filling of certificates of candidacy and in […]
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  • How to Resign Properly in the Philippines

    How to Resign Properly in the Philippines

    If an employee is unhappy with his work or would like to seek greener pastures, the normal recourse is to resign. In San Miguel Properties v. Gucaban (G.R. No. 153982, 18 July 2011), the Supreme Court had the occasion to define resignation as follows: “Resignation — the formal pronouncement or relinquishment of a position or […]
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  • Infographic: Mga Dapat Mong Malaman Tungkol sa 13th Month Pay

    Infographic: Mga Dapat Mong Malaman Tungkol sa 13th Month Pay

    Bilang isang corporate lawyer in the Philippines, isa sa mga madalas na itanong sa akin ng mga empleyado sa kumpanya ay ang tungkol sa kanilang 13th month pay. Karaniwan ng itinatanong ng mga empleyado, lalo na ang fresh graduates, ang tungkol dito. Ano ba ang 13th month pay? Lahat ba ay entitled makakuha nito? Magkano […]
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  • Lost Title? Not a problem.

    Lost Title? Not a problem.

    What do you do when your precious land titles are lost?  In the Philippines, land titles are issued under the Torrens System. The Torrens system of registration governs the issuance of titles covering real properties in the Philippines. These include privately owned land of whatever kind – agricultural land, commercial land, industrial land, and other […]
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  • Employer’s SSS Condonation Program ends September 2019

    Employer’s SSS Condonation Program ends September 2019

    The Social Security System (SSS) recently issued a reminder/notice to all employers of the current SSS Condonation Program and the fast approaching deadline, to avail of the program. Under the law, a penalty of three percent (3%) per month is assessed on unremitted contributions. This penalty continues to accrue and to compound, from the date […]
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  • Cartel Criminalization and Leniency Policies in the Philippines

    Cartel Criminalization and Leniency Policies in the Philippines

    Cartel Criminalization and Leniency Policies in the Philippines (13 June 2018)    “Let me start with the obvious: cartel behavior (price-fixing, market allocation, and bid- rigging) is bad for consumers, bad for business, and bad for efficient markets generally. And let me be very clear: these cartels are the equivalent of theft by well-dressed thieves, […]
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  • Philippine Competition Law at a Glance

    Philippine Competition Law at a Glance

    Philippine Competition Law at a Glance (updated 06 March 2020) On 21 July 2015, Republic Act No. 10667, otherwise known as the Philippine Competition Act was finally enacted and became effective on 08 August 2015. However, a transitional period was provided by the law whereby an existing business structure, conduct, practice or any act that […]
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  • How to file a Trademark Infringement Case with the Philippine Intellectual Property Office

    How to file a Trademark Infringement Case with the Philippine Intellectual Property Office

    Blood, sweat and tears. All these you invested so your brand can establish its niche in the market.  After years of hard work, your brand is now popular. You now have a regular clientele who patronize your products bearing your trademark.  Then one day, you realize that your sales declined. You wonder why. Upon investigation, […]
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  • The Philippine Data Privacy Law and Regulations tell us, “Beware the Ides of March!”

    The Philippine Data Privacy Law and Regulations tell us, “Beware the Ides of March!”

    “Beware the ides of March!” is from William Shakespeare’s famous tragedy, Julius Caesar. It was a warning uttered by a soothsayer to Julius Caesar, that he should stay home and be careful when March 15, the ides of March, comes. However, for entities covered by the Philippines’
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  • Data Privacy in the Philippines

    Data Privacy in the Philippines

    Information and communications technology play a vital role in nation-building and development of the country. In the information age, he who holds information holds power. From macro-economic perspective, the free flow of information is concededly vital to the growth of any nation, and key to the success of any business. With the power that follows […]
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  • Philippine Holidays for 2018

    Philippine Holidays for 2018

    The Philippine holidays (both regular and special non-working days) for 2018 pursuant to Proclamation No. 269 are as follows:   01 January 2018, Monday – New Year’s Day (regular holiday)   16 February 2018, Friday – Chinese New Year (Special non-working day)   25 February 2018, Sunday – EDSA People Power Revolution Anniversary (Special non-working […]
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  • When Can a Policeman Arrest You?

    When Can a Policeman Arrest You?

    When we watch the news, we oftentimes see a scenario whereby a victim is pointing at the accused which would prompt the policeman to immediately arrest the accused and detain him.  In movies, we see the policeman knocking on a person’s door and arresting the accused with the oft-spoken phrase “Magpaliwanag ka na lang sa […]
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  • FAQs on Search Warrants

    FAQs on Search Warrants

    When a policeman knocks on your door and wants to search your house, will you let him in? If you are standing in a street, can a policeman just search through your belongings? The answer is no, unless he is armed with a search warrant.   No less than Art. III, Section 2 of the […]
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  • Ang Krimen na Pagtataksil sa Asawa

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    Ang pagtataksil sa asawa ay isang krimen sa Pilipinas. Ang pakikipag-relasyon nang isang kasal na lalaki o babae sa iba ay pinaparusahan nang ating batas.  Hanggat walang hatol ang isang korte na pinapawalang bisa ang kasal, hindi malaya ang isang kasal na babae o lalaki na sumama sa iba.   Ang adultery ay isang krimen […]
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  • Philippine Bank Secrecy Law Simplified

    Philippine Bank Secrecy Law Simplified

    The current banter between President Duterte and Senator Trillianes about bank secrecy waivers has piqued the interest of the public on the matter of bank secrecy.  So, what is bank secrecy? Is it absolute? Are there any exceptions?   On 09 September 1955, Republic Act No. 1405, otherwise known as An Act Prohibiting Disclosure of […]
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  • The Philippines’ Nationwide Smoking Ban under Executive Order No. 26: Separating Fact from Fiction

    The Philippines’ Nationwide Smoking Ban under Executive Order No. 26: Separating Fact from Fiction

    The “action-packed” presidential issuance from President Rodrigo Duterte, signed on 16 May 2017, Executive Order No. 26 (EO 26), otherwise known as the Nationwide Smoking Ban, takes effect sixty (60) days from its publication in a newspaper of general circulation. Thus, the smoking ban will be enforced throughout the Philippines beginning 23 July 2017.  As […]
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  • Dawn Raids? No problem. The Rule on Administrative Search and Inspection under the Philippine Competition Act

    Dawn Raids? No problem. The Rule on Administrative Search and Inspection under the Philippine Competition Act

    Enforcement of the Philippine Competition Act Republic Act No. 10667, otherwise known as the Philippine Competition Act (“PCA”), generally prohibits three acts namely: anticompetitive agreements, abuse of dominant position and anticompetitive mergers and acquisitions. Pursuant to the law, the Philippine Competition Commission (“PCC”) is tasked with investigation, prosecution and adjudication of cases involving violations of the PCA.  […]
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  • The Revised Regulations are Out! The 7 Commandments of Distraction-Free Driving

    The Revised Regulations are Out! The 7 Commandments of Distraction-Free Driving

    The June 2017 Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (Revised IRR) for Republic Act No. 10913, also known as the Anti-Distracted Driving Act, is out, and will take effect fifteen (15) days from publication in either the Official Gazette or in any newspaper of general circulation. Here are what you should know about the Revised IRR, […]
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  • How to Get a License to Operate a Recruitment Agency in the Philippines

    How to Get a License to Operate a Recruitment Agency in the Philippines

    So you want to engage in the business of operating an employment agency deploying Filipino workers abroad? Don’t get too excited and commence business immediately.  You must bear in mind that you cannot just recruit and deploy without a license from the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (“POEA”). Otherwise, you run the risk of being criminally […]
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  • Ownership of Land Can be Taxing! A Guide to Real Property Tax in the Philippines

    Ownership of Land Can be Taxing! A Guide to Real Property Tax in the Philippines

    Everyone dreams of owning their own house and lot. When you achieve such goal and receive your Transfer Certificate of Title, all the years of hard work have indeed paid off. However, being a landowner has its consequences. You now have to pay real property tax or “amelyar”. If you fail to do so, your […]
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  • The Invisible Yet Invincible Maritime Lien

    The Invisible Yet Invincible Maritime Lien

    As a general rule, when ownership of personal property (chattel), like a car for example, is transferred to another under a clean title – meaning, that no mortgage is annotated in the car’s registration – the transfer of ownership is complete. The creditors of the original owner cannot run after the car because the personal […]
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  • Cooking-up Your Contracts using “Boilerplates”

    Cooking-up Your Contracts using “Boilerplates”

    “Boilerplate” provisions refer to template provisions or “one-size-fits-all” clauses usually found at the end of most contracts. Because they are so-common, these provisions are often taken for granted especially by lawyers. To the perceptive eye however, boilerplate provisions should be considered as gems in a contract because they complete not only the aesthetic value, but […]
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  • Basics on the Contract of Agency

    Basics on the Contract of Agency

    We oftentimes hear the words “agency”, “principal”, “agency relationship” and “ahente”. So, what do these words mean? What is the relationship between an agent and his principal? What are their liabilities? Read on and learn the basics. The Civil Code of the Philippines is the governing law on agency. Article 1868 of the Civil Code […]
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  • Basics on the Sale on Consignment

    Basics on the Sale on Consignment

    When you are engaged in retail trade, sometimes it is not practical to buy huge volumes of stocks to sell to your customers as this will require a higher cost on your part. You also subject yourself to the risk of not being able to sell all the products. Thus, an alternative to an outright […]
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  • The Nature of Sublease Contracts

    The Nature of Sublease Contracts

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  • FAQs on Martial Law in the Philippines

    FAQs on Martial Law in the Philippines

    1.  Who can place the Philippines under martial law? —  The President of the Philippines can place the Philippines under martial law.   2.  What areas of the Philippines can be placed under martial law? —  Any part of the Philippines may be placed under martial law.   3.  What law empowers the President to […]
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  • FAQs on Having a Child Declared Legally Available for Adoption in the Philippines

    FAQs on Having a Child Declared Legally Available for Adoption in the Philippines

    1.  What law governs the declaration of children as legally available for adoption? Republic Act No. 9523 (RA 9523) is the governing law. It requires the certification of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) to declare a child legally available for adoption.  It also amends certain provisions of RA 8552, otherwise known as […]
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  • FAQs on Adoption in the Philippines

    FAQs on Adoption in the Philippines

    1.  What law governs domestic adoption? —  Republic Act No. 8552 , or the Domestic Adoption Act of 1998, as amended by Republic Act No. 9523, governs local adoption.   2.  Who may adopt? —  Sec. 7 of RA 8552 provides that the following may adopt: (a) Any Filipino citizen of legal age, in possession […]
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  • Things You Wonder About Conjugal Property but were Afraid to Ask

    Things You Wonder About Conjugal Property but were Afraid to Ask

    There is no doubt that you love your husband or your wife.  However, you sometimes wonder what properties you own exclusively that are beyond the reach of your spouse.  Not that you don’t trust your wife.  After all, almost every time, you give her all your wages.  You just simply want to know for your […]
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  • Payment of the 13th Month Pay

    Payment of the 13th Month Pay

    In the Philippines, the sound of Christmas bells not only evokes the feeling of Christmas cheer but also signals for the payment of the 13th month pay for employees.   Under Presidential Decree 851, all rank-and-file employees are entitled to the 13th month pay regardless of the amount of basic salary that they receive in […]
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  • Joint Ventures in the Philippines

    Joint Ventures in the Philippines

    We can’t do everything by ourselves. Sometimes, we need a little help. Oftentimes, we need a joint venture.     The Philippine Supreme Court has described a joint venture as an association of persons or companies jointly undertaking some commercial enterprise; generally, all contribute assets and share risks which requires a community of interest in […]
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  • Licensing Agreements in the Philippines

    Licensing Agreements in the Philippines

    Licensing agreements, including the assignment, licensing or transfer of intellectual property rights, must be recorded with the Philippine Intellectual Property Office (“IPO”) in order to be enforceable.  However, these agreements need not be recorded if they conform with the requirements of the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines as to mandatory clauses and prohibited clauses. […]
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  • How to Close a Corporation through the Shortening of its Corporate Term in the Philippines

    How to Close a Corporation through the Shortening of its Corporate Term in the Philippines

    Life is tough. So is business.  So when the going gets tough, sometimes corporations need to close down.  However, it is not as simple as packing up your things and leaving.  A formal process must be done to legally close a corporation.  One method is through the shortening of the corporate term.   In the […]
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  • Payment of Night Shift Differential in the Philippines (updated last 10 June 2020)

    Payment of Night Shift Differential in the Philippines (updated last 10 June 2020)

    Do you sometimes wonder why call center agents have salaries higher than some employees?  One of the reasons is the night shift differential pay.  Under Philippine labor laws, an employee who works between 10 p.m to 6:00 a.m. should be paid a night shift differential of not less than ten percent (10%) of his regular […]
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  • How to Appeal Trademark Cancellation and Opposition Cases in the Philippines

    How to Appeal Trademark Cancellation and Opposition Cases in the Philippines

    If you have lost in a trademark opposition or cancellation case (classified as inter partes proceedings) with the Philippine Intellectual Property Office, do not lose hope.  The losing party has remedies under the law for the appeal of his case.   Appeal to the Director of the Bureau of Legal Affairs   A party wishing […]
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  • Philippine Holidays for 2017

    Philippine Holidays for 2017

    The Philippines is one of the countries with the most generous number of public holidays.  It is very important for businessmen to know these holidays to ensure that they are paying the proper holiday pay to their employees.  The two common types of holidays are regular holidays and special non-working days.  Contrary to popular belief, […]
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  • Creating a Company with a Foreign Principal in the Philippines (Updated as of January 2021)

    Creating a Company with a Foreign Principal in the Philippines (Updated as of January 2021)

    Foreigners can do business in the Philippines. In fact, foreign investment contributes greatly to the Philippine economy.  Some foreigners wish to establish companies in the Philippines which either form part of the company abroad or with a separate entity from its foreign principal. Either way, companies in the Philippines with foreign principals must be duly […]
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  • How to Cancel a Trademark in the Philippines

    How to Cancel a Trademark in the Philippines

     What will you do if a company is using your trademark? What if this company has fraudulently registered your trademark in his own name? The remedy to this problem is to have that company’s trademark cancelled.     Section 1511.1 of the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (“IP Code”) provides:   “151.1. A petition […]
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  • Annoying Someone is a Crime (updated last 10 June 2020)

    Annoying Someone is a Crime (updated last 10 June 2020)

    Did you know that the act of annoying someone is a crime? Yes, it is and we certainly are not pulling your leg.  The act of annoying someone is called unjust vexation and considered a form of light coercion punishable under Article 287 of the Revised Penal Code, to wit: “Art. 287. Light coercions. — Any […]
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  • How To Punish an Unfaithful Husband In The Philippines

    How To Punish an Unfaithful Husband In The Philippines

    Why do husbands cheat on their wives? We do not know the answer to that.  However, we do know that cheating on one’s wife is punishable by law.   Article 334 of the Revised Penal Code punishes the husband when he commits any of the following acts:   1.  He shall keep a mistress in […]
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  • Children aboard Motorcycles

    Children aboard Motorcycles

    When plying streets in the Philippines, one can see the surge of motorcycles on the road. Sadly, there are irresponsible motorists who not only disregard traffic laws but also their own and their loved one’s safety.  An example of such is the presence of small children aboard motorcycles. This practice poses a risk to the […]
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  • Born & Living in the Philippines but Not a Filipino? Here’s an easier way to become a naturalized Filipino Citizen

    Born & Living in the Philippines but Not a Filipino? Here’s an easier way to become a naturalized Filipino Citizen

    Were you born in the Philippines and living here all your life but still considered a foreigner? If you wish to become a Filipino citizen, then you can apply for administrative naturalization.   Republic Act No. 9139 otherwise known as the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000, was enacted as a remedial measure intended to make […]
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  • Are you a Consumer? Then Read This: CHANGE IS COMING!

    Are you a Consumer? Then Read This: CHANGE IS COMING!

    Yes, that is right. All consumers must be given the exact change by business establishments. The newly passed Republic Act No. 10909 mandate this in very clear terms. The law prohibits business establishments from giving insufficient or no change to consumers, and provides penalties ranging from Five Hundred Pesos (P500.00) or three percent of the […]
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  • Lifting Foreign Ownership Restrictions in the Philippines

    Lifting Foreign Ownership Restrictions in the Philippines

    Not long ago, the Philippines adhered to a protectionist policy, implementing numerous restrictions on foreign ownerships of businesses in the Philippines. In the past, the Philippine retail business was reserved exclusively for Filipino citizens. However, this changed with the legislation of the Trade Liberalization Act of 2000, now allowing the entry of foreign capital in […]
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  • Love is made of Plastic: New Credit Card Regulations that You Should Know

    Love is made of Plastic: New Credit Card Regulations that You Should Know

    They come in almost all colors: red, orange, gold (yellow), green, blue, indigo, and black. Some are in precious metals like titanium or platinum, or in rare gems like diamond, or sapphire. These little pieces of plastic can be your best friend in times of need, or your worst nightmare, in times of want. Whether […]
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  • Employers Beware: Age does not matter, unless you’re getting cheese

    Employers Beware: Age does not matter, unless you’re getting cheese

    In the Philippines, it is now illegal to hire employees based on age. Long gone are the days when you will see an advertisement: “Wanted Secretary, 18-34 years old” or “Wanted driver, between 25-40 years old”. The practice of employers selecting employees because of age, or placing an age limitation as a qualification for employment, […]
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  • Are You a Distracted Driver?

    Are You a Distracted Driver?

    The crime of “Distracted Driving” is a new legal term. Punished under Republic Act No. 10913, which lapsed into law during the latter part of August 2016, a person caught running a vehicle with one hand, while operating any electronic communications equipment such as a mobile phone, two-way radio, tablet, hand-held computer, video player, gaming […]
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  • A Simple Guide to Contract of Sale of Real Property

    A Simple Guide to Contract of Sale of Real Property

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  • Punishing Violence Against Women in the Philippines

    Punishing Violence Against Women in the Philippines

    Republic Act No. RA 9262 , otherwise known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Law (“VAWC”), defines violence against women and children as “any act or a series of acts against a woman who is his wife, former wife or against a woman with whom the person has or had sexual or dating […]
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  • Intellectual Property Protection in the Philippines

    Intellectual Property Protection in the Philippines

      The Philippines adheres to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property Rights, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the TRIPS Agreement and the WIPO Copyright Treaty, among others. In this light, intellectual property such as copyright, trademark, patent, utility model, industrial design are […]
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  • How to Close a Business in the Philippines

    How to Close a Business in the Philippines

    Financial reverses, shift to a different industry, migration to another country, incessant problems are just some of the reasons why some people close their business.  Whatever the reason is, it is always a painful decision to raise your hands in defeat and give up on your business venture.  Nevertheless, one cannot just pack up and […]
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  • Maternity Rights in the Philippines

    Maternity Rights in the Philippines

    Motherhood is a gift and the ability of a woman to endure pregnancy is a miracle that has perplexed even the scientific minds. However, behind this wonderful gift is a painful reality that women worldwide have to endure in the workplace.  Discrimination, lack of support and adherence to archaic chauvinistic policies have made it difficult […]
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  • The Philippine Competition Law: Regulating Mergers and Acquisitions, Monopolies and Combinations in Restraint of Trade in the Philippines

    The Philippine Competition Law: Regulating Mergers and Acquisitions, Monopolies and Combinations in Restraint of Trade in the Philippines

    (updated 06 March 2020) Free trade in the Philippines has been a battle cry of businesses in all nations. With the influx of globalization, new business models have been created, leading to more innovative modes of doing business in the Philippines. On the face of a highly competitive business environment in the Philippines, profitable commercial entities […]
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  • How to Conduct Due Diligence in the Philippines

    How to Conduct Due Diligence in the Philippines

               In this diverse society, it is inevitable that at one point in our lives, we will have to conclude or close deals with strangers.  Although in an ideal world, trust should be sufficient, it is difficult, if not outright dangerous, to rely solely on good faith. Whether we are hiring an employee, buying land, […]
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  • Understanding Property Relations Between Husband and Wife in the Philippines

    Understanding Property Relations Between Husband and Wife in the Philippines

               “For richer, for poorer, in sickness or in health, to love and to cherish till death do us part.” This is part of the marriage vow being recited during weddings. Being married to someone entails not only sharing one’s life but also one’s property with the other. Hence, it is very important to know […]
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  • Qualifications for Philippine Elective Office

    Qualifications for Philippine Elective Office

    Qualifications prescribed by law for public elective positions in the Philippines are continuing requirements and must be possessed for the duration of the officer’s active tenure. It is the Philippine Congress which has the power to prescribe additional qualifications and disqualifications. The following is a simple list of the pertinent qualifications required for public elective […]
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  • Understanding Statutory Leaves of Employees in the Philippines

    Understanding Statutory Leaves of Employees in the Philippines

                    As the old saying goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Hence, part of improving an employee’s efficiency is to allow him to take a leave from work without sacrificing his income. The Philippine Labor Code and other special laws mandate certain leaves that an employer should extend to an […]
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  • Limitations on Foreign Investments and Equity in the Philippines

    Limitations on Foreign Investments and Equity in the Philippines

    Foreign investments are encouraged by the Philippine government to fuel economic growth.  Based on data culled from the National Statistical Coordination Board (“NSCB”), the total approved foreign investments in the Philippines for the year 2014 amounted to P186.9 Billion Pesos (or roughly US$4 Billion Dollars). According to the NSCB, in 2014, Japan is the largest […]
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  • Benefits of Getting a Trademark Agent

    Benefits of Getting a Trademark Agent

                   If you are interested in filing a trademark application in the Philippines or wish to protect your business brand or trademark, it is quite tempting to undertake the task on your own.  As a businessman, saving on costs is a primary concern.  Consequently, most businessmen fall into the […]
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  • Maintaining Your Trademark in the Philippines

    Maintaining Your Trademark in the Philippines

               The Philippine Intellectual Property Office (“IPO”) does not require proof of use in commerce in the processing of trademark applications.  However, during the life of the trademark, the applicant or registrant must prove that it is using the mark in the Philippines.  Thus, a notarized Declaration of Actual Use (“DAU”) […]
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  • Trademark Opposition Proceedings in the Philippines

    Trademark Opposition Proceedings in the Philippines

    A party may file an opposition to a Philippine trademark within a period of thirty (30) days from the date of publication of the mark in the e-gazette of the Philippine Intellectual Property Office (IPO).  The e-gazette may be viewed at www.ipophil.gov.ph .   The proceedings are initiated by the filing of the verified notice […]
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  • The Treatment of Medical Malpractice in the Philippines

    The Treatment of Medical Malpractice in the Philippines

    Proving medical malpractice in the Philippines one of the more difficult civil cases in the Philippines. Medical procedures involve, to a great degree, technical matters, which must be clearly understood first, prior to pursuing a claim that a treatment was attended with malpractice. Moreover, in order to prove the existence of medical malpractice in any […]
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  • How to Compel a Corporation to Grant Access to Corporate Records

    How to Compel a Corporation to Grant Access to Corporate Records

    Access to corporate records is vital in any corporation. Whether these records pertain to financial documents, human resources, operation endeavors, future plans, or even building and floor plans, these records help the officers, directors, and the stockholders map out the present and future directions for the company. In view of their significance, access to the […]
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  • How to Implement a Redundancy Program in the Work Place

    How to Implement a Redundancy Program in the Work Place

    Dismissal of workers due to redundancy is a management prerogative governed by the Article 283 of the Labor Code. This is one of the authorized causes which an employer, in good faith, may utilize as a measure of efficiency in the company, or to prevent company losses. The pertinent portions of the law provide: Article […]
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  • How to Transfer Shares of Stock in a Corporation

    How to Transfer Shares of Stock in a Corporation

    Philippine law treats shares of stock in a corporation as personal property. Similar to other personalty, the owner of the property can sell, assign, transfer or convey his property to another as he wishes. This is an attribute and principle of ownership which cannot be taken away. However, being in the nature of intangible personal […]
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  • When is an Employee Entitled to Separation Pay?

    When is an Employee Entitled to Separation Pay?

    Separation pay has been defined as the amount that an employee receives at the time of his severance and is designed to provide the employee with the wherewithal during the period he is looking for another employment. However, this broad definition must not be taken at face value. There are only limited instances wherein separation […]
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  • How to Do Business Legally in the Philippines

    How to Do Business Legally in the Philippines

    Contrary to popular belief, it is actually easy to legally do business in the Philippines.  The Philippine government has taken great strides to ensure ease of doing business in the country. You must first remember that in order to do business in the Philippines, you must choose the business vehicle that you wish to utilize.  […]
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  • How to Get a Special Investor’s Resident Visa (SIRV)

    How to Get a Special Investor’s Resident Visa (SIRV)

    How to Get a Special Investor’s Resident Visa (SIRV) The Special Investor’s Resident Visa (SIRV) is a visa issued by the Bureau of Immigration through the Board of Investments (“BOI”) pursuant to the provisions of the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987.  The SIRV is a special non-immigrant visa that entitles the holder to reside in […]
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  • Illegal recruitment and its Penalty

    Illegal recruitment and its Penalty

    What is illegal recruitment? Republic Act No. 10022, otherwise known as the Migrant Workers Act”  defines illegal recruitment as any act of canvassing, enlisting, contracting, transporting, utilizing, hiring, or procuring workers and includes referring, contract services, promising or advertising for employment abroad, whether for profit or not, when undertaken by non-licensee or non-holder of authority. […]
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  • Philippine Representative Office

    Philippine Representative Office

    A Representative or liaison office deals directly, with the clients of the foreign parent company but does NOT derive income from the Philippines and is fully subsidized by its foreign head office. It undertakes activities such as but not limited to information dissemination and promotion of the company’s products as well as quality control of […]
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  • Philippine Branch Office

    Philippine Branch Office

    A Branch office of a foreign company carries out the business activities of the foreign head office and derives income from the Philippines. It has NO separate legal personality since it is merely an extension of the foreign head office. The minimum inward remittance for a branch office is Two Hundred Thousand United States Dollars […]
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  • Philippine Subsidiary

    Philippine Subsidiary

    Should you wish to incorporate a Philippine subsidiary, you need to file an application with the Securities & Exchange Commission. It must be noted that a subsidiary has a distinct and separate personality from its parent company. In forming a subsidiary, it must be borne in mind that the Corporate Secretary and Corporate Treasurer must […]
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  • Slander & Oral Defamation

    Slander & Oral Defamation

    Being the subject of unfair criticism and gossip are matters which adversely affect persons from all walks of life. At one point, we have encountered situations wherein we have been victimized by insulting and defamatory remarks.  Oftentimes, we ignore such hurtful and unfounded insinuations.  However, when things get out of hand and our reputation is […]
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  • Philippine Estate Tax

    Philippine Estate Tax

    IMPORTANT:  This article is relevant only to those who died before 01 January 2018 since Republic Act No. 10963, otherwise known as the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law (TRAIN Law), amended the Tax Code, including the procedure, tax rates and deductions for estate taxes.  The TRAIN Law became effective on 01 January 2018. […]
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  • How To Get Business Permits in the Philippines

    How To Get Business Permits in the Philippines

    Before commencing your business in the Philippines, you need to secure a Business permit or Mayor’s permit, as it is commonly called, from your local government where your business is located. Here are some notes on business permits: • Business permits expire on the 31st of December unless the permits are issued on a quarterly […]
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  • How to Get a Trademark in the Philippines

    How to Get a Trademark in the Philippines

    Trademark applications are filed with the Philippine Intellectual Property Office (IPO). Filipinos or Filipino corporations may directly file their applications with the IPO. However, foreigners or foreign corporations have to appoint a local agent or representative in order to file applications with the IPO. Applying for a trademark is not like getting a business permit […]
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  • How to Get an Alien Employment Permit in the Philippines

    How to Get an Alien Employment Permit in the Philippines

    Before a foreigner commences work in the Philippines, he must first secure an Alien Employment Permit (AEP) from the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). However, not all foreigners are required to do so. The following are exempted from securing an AEP: 1. Members of the diplomatic services and foreign government officials accredited by the […]
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  • How to Apply for Certification as a Barangay Micro Business Enterprise (BMBE)

    How to Apply for Certification as a Barangay Micro Business Enterprise (BMBE)

    Any person, natural or juridical, cooperative or association, or business entity or enterprise engaged in production, processing, manufacturing of products or commodities, including agro-processing, trading and services may apply for Certificate of Authority as a BMBE provided that they should have at least a total asset value, including those arising from loans but exclusive of […]
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  • How To Avail of Leave for Victims under the Anti-Violence against Women Law

    How To Avail of Leave for Victims under the Anti-Violence against Women Law

    Women employees who are victims as defined in Republic Act No. 9262, otherwise knows as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Law, are entitled to a leave of up to ten (10) days with full pay. The said leave shall be extended when the need arises, as specified in the protection order issued by […]
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  • How To Terminate An Employee Based on Just Causes

    How To Terminate An Employee Based on Just Causes

    An employee may only be terminated for just causes or for authorized causes under the Labor Code. The following are considered as just causes: 1. Serious misconduct or willful disobedience by the employee of the lawful orders of his employer or representative in connection with his work; 2. Gross and habitual neglect by the employee […]
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  • How To Place an Employee Under Preventive Suspension Pending Investigation

    How To Place an Employee Under Preventive Suspension Pending Investigation

    Suspension of an employee may either be 1) imposed as an administrative penalty for infractions committed or 2) preventive suspension pending investigation of an employee. If we are dealing with the second kind (preventive suspension pending investigation), the following conditions must be met: a. The employer may place the worker concerned under preventive suspension if […]
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  • How To Avail of Parental Leave for a Solo Parent

    How To Avail of Parental Leave for a Solo Parent

    Republic Act No. 8972 grants parental leave of seven (7) work days with full pay every year, in addition to leave privileges under existing laws, to solo parents. Parental leave for solo parents is granted to any solo parent or individual who is left alone with the responsibility of parenthood due to: 1. Giving birth […]
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  • How To Register a Sole Proprietorship with the DTI

    How To Register a Sole Proprietorship with the DTI

    Businesses can be conducted in many ways. It may be through a sole proprietorship, partnership or corporation. Sole proprietors must register with the Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) while corporations and partnerships are registered with the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC). A sole proprietor must register with the DTI and secure a Certificate of […]
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  • How To Get a Special Resident Retiree’s Visa (SRRV)

    How To Get a Special Resident Retiree’s Visa (SRRV)

    The Special Resident Retiree’s Visa (“SRRV”) is a visa issued by the Bureau of Immigration through the Philippine Retirement Authority (“PRA”). The SRRV is a special non-immigrant visa that provides its holders with multiple-entry privileges and indefinite stay in the Philippines and is especially designed for those who wish to live in the Philippines on […]
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  • Shrink-Wrap Agreements: Are They Valid Contracts?

    Shrink-Wrap Agreements: Are They Valid Contracts?

    A person who purchases a cellphone, portable dvd player, a coffee maker, or toy finds warranty cards and other written contract terms inside the box. If the product is contained in a cellophane-wrapped box, sealed, with tamper-proof packaging, these terms are available for review only after the product has been bought and then opened, in […]
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  • Are Contractual Employees Entitled to Separation Pay?

    Are Contractual Employees Entitled to Separation Pay?

    A fixed-term employee or contractual employee is a type of employee whose employment is fixed for a certain period of period of time. When the contract expires and is not renewed by his or her employer, the employment of the contractual employee is deemed to have automatically terminated. It is of common knowledge that the […]
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  • De-Mystifying the Bouncing Checks Law (B.P. 22)

    De-Mystifying the Bouncing Checks Law (B.P. 22)

    A common predicament faced by businessmen is violating the Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 also known as the Bouncing Checks Law. Evidently, businessmen issue checks as a matter of practice, and sometimes when the due dates of these checks fall, either by inadvertence or unavailable finances, the check bounces. BP 22 punishes a person for issuing […]
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  • Protecting your Intellectual Property Rights

    Protecting your Intellectual Property Rights

    The protection of intellectual property rights is a primordial concern, especially in the field of business format franchising. Business format franchising, to a large extent, involves the use by a person called a franchisee of the intellectual property another called the franchisor, of course, with the consent of the latter. The intellectual property involved in […]
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  • Lawyers’ Fees: Types of Legal Fee Arrangements

    Lawyers’ Fees: Types of Legal Fee Arrangements

    In “shopping” for a lawyer, the first thing the usually comes to mind is how much a lawyer charges. Generally, the professional fees of a lawyer depend on the nature and complexity of the case, the financial capacity of the client, the extent of work required, among other factors. The usual legal fee arrangements are: […]
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  • Bringing in Foreign Investors in Retail Trade

    Bringing in Foreign Investors in Retail Trade

    You have a business idea in mind; a great concept which you think will be very profitable. You have the over-all know-how to accomplish the business, and the will to succeed. You need capital and have been thinking of bringing in foreign investors to the scene. This is a common-place scenario in business nowadays. The […]
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  • An Entrepreneur’s Guide to Employment Contracts

    An Entrepreneur’s Guide to Employment Contracts

    An employment contract is an essential part of every business. An incomplete or badly drafted employment contract could spell trouble to an employer from both a legal and business perspective. For instance, if an employee learns of certain trade or business secrets of an employer during employment, an unguarded employment contract may mean that when […]
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  • The Separate Personality of a Corporation

    The Separate Personality of a Corporation

    A corporation is defined by the Corporation Code as an artificial being created by operation of law, having the right of succession and the powers, attributes and properties expressly authorized by law or incident to its existence. Consequently, as an artificial being, a corporation has a personality separate and distinct from its stockholders. Hence, the […]
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  • Dissecting a Franchise Agreement: Part One

    Dissecting a Franchise Agreement: Part One

    If you are interested in franchising, whether as a franchisor or a franchisee, an important document to consider is the franchise agreement. A franchise agreement is usually a voluminous document. Of course, it is not the intention of the franchisor to confuse the franchisee. It is lengthy because it specifies in detail what the respective […]
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  • Dissecting a Franchise Agreement: Part Two

    Dissecting a Franchise Agreement: Part Two

    The first part of “Dissecting a Franchise Agreement” dwelled on the subject matter of the franchise agreement, namely, the business format being franchised. Since a franchise agreement is usually a lengthy document, it is best that the agreement be broken down into its basic elements, to allow prospective franchisors and franchisees to understand its bare […]
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  • Dissecting a Franchise Agreement: Part Three

    Dissecting a Franchise Agreement: Part Three

    The last element of any contract, which is necessarily present in a Franchise Agreement, is the element of cause or consideration. Our law defines cause or consideration as the prestation or promise of a thing or service by the other. In a Franchise Agreement, the cause or consideration involves the “why?” in the agreement. Why […]
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  • Dissecting a Franchise Agreement: Part Four

    Dissecting a Franchise Agreement: Part Four

    We have dissected the Franchise Agreement down to its most basic elements, namely: consent, subject matter, and cause or consideration. The first two parts of ‘Dissecting a Franchise Agreement’ discussed the two essential elements of a valid Franchise Agreement, namely, consent and subject matter. Part three focused on the cause or consideration which impels a […]
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  • Sole Proprietorship, Corporation or Partnership: Choosing your business enterprise

    Sole Proprietorship, Corporation or Partnership: Choosing your business enterprise

    In doing business, there are various forms of business entities to consider, the most common forms of which are 1) single proprietorships, 2) corporations, and c) partnerships. A single proprietorship is a business operated by a single individual. Registration of single proprietorships would take between 1-2 days, and the documentary requirements of the Department of […]
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  • Annulment of Marriage in the Philippines

    Annulment of Marriage in the Philippines

    There is no divorce in the Philippines. However, a marriage may be annulled in the Philippines for any of the following causes, existing at the time of the marriage: (1) Either party was eighteen years of age or over but below twenty-one, and the marriage was solemnized without the consent of the parents, UNLESS after […]
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  • Self-Defense

    Self-Defense

    Not all acts constitute crimes. A person who is defending himself, family or property cannot be held criminally liable.  Article 11 of the Revised Penal provides for justifying circumstances whereby the person is said to be acting in accordance with law such as self-defense Art. 11. Justifying circumstances. — The following do not incur any […]
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  • Battered Woman Syndrome

    Battered Woman Syndrome

    In criminal and family law, the novel concept of Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) vis-à-vis self-defense has been a controversial topic. Republic Act No. 9262, otherwise known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act (“VAWC”) puts into law this concept and states: SECTION 26. Battered Woman Syndrome as a Defense. – Victim-survivors who are […]
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  • How to Form a Partnership in the Philippines

    How to Form a Partnership in the Philippines

    If you are interested in engaging in business or practicing your profession with some colleagues, a partnership may be the proper vehicle. The Philippine Civil Code provides for a definition of a partnership as follows: Art. 1767. By the contract of partnership two or more persons bind themselves to contribute money, property, or industry to […]
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  • Employee Benefits under Philippine Laws

    Employee Benefits under Philippine Laws

    Listed below is a summary of the mandatory benefits and provisions for employees in the Philippines under the Labor Code and special laws: 1. Minimum wage = P537.00 per day (in NCR) as of 22 November 2018 2.  13th month pay (after 1 month of service) = 1/12 of the total basic salary earned by […]
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  • How to Get a Patent

    How to Get a Patent

    When through your own efforts or resources, you subsequently develop an invention, new technology or breakthrough, it is important to have it protected. Such intellectual property can be copied or exploited by others if it is not protected. The usual form of protection is to apply for a patent with the Bureau of Patents of […]
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  • Lifting the Ban of Night Work for Women and Expanding the Rights of Night Workers

    Lifting the Ban of Night Work for Women and Expanding the Rights of Night Workers

    Under the old Labor Code, women were prohibited from engaging in night work. As such, Article 130 of the Labor Code provides: Art. 130. Nightwork prohibition. No woman, regardless of age, shall be employed or permitted or suffered to work, with or without compensation: a. In any industrial undertaking or branch thereof between ten o’clock […]
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  • Sexual Harassment

    Sexual Harassment

    Republic Act No. 7877, or the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (RA 7877), is the governing law for work, education or training-related sexual harassment. RA 7877 states that “work, education or training-related sexual harassment is committed by an employer, employee, manager, supervisor, agent of the employer, teacher, instructor, professor, coach, trainor, or any other person […]
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  • How to Apply for a US Tourist Visa

    How to Apply for a US Tourist Visa

    Applying for a US tourist visa is not as burdensome as it was before. Gone are the days when one has to camp outside of the US Embassy just to apply for a visa. At present, the US Embassy has employed a systematic appointment system. The usual types of US visa are the B-1 and […]
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  • How to Amend the Articles of Incorporation

    How to Amend the Articles of Incorporation

    The Articles of Incorporation is the bible of a corporation. It spells out the pertinent information concerning: a. The name of the Corporation b. The primary and secondary purposes of the Corporation c. Place of principal office of the Corporation d. Term of existence of the Corporation (normally 50 years) e. Names, nationalities, and residences […]
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  • Improving Efficiency in the Philippine Government – The Anti-Red Tape Law

    Improving Efficiency in the Philippine Government – The Anti-Red Tape Law

    Entrepreneurs are exposed to government agencies in the usual daily grind of their business. Most companies have to submit monthly forms to the Bureau of Internal Revenue such as the 2550M (Monthly Value-Added Tax Declaration), or the 2551 M (Monthly Percentage Tax Return) or the 1601-C (Monthly Remittance Return of Income Taxes Withheld on Compensation). […]
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  • Extrajudicial Settlement of Estate in the Philippines

    Extrajudicial Settlement of Estate in the Philippines

    Settlement of an estate need not undergo judicial proceedings all the time. Rule 74, Section 1 of the Rules of Court allows the extrajudicial settlement of estate by agreement among the heirs. Said Rule states: Sec. 1. Extrajudicial settlement by agreement between heirs. – If the decedent left no will and no debts and the […]
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  • How to Sell your Business

    How to Sell your Business

    Selling your business can be motivated by many factors such as inability to continue the business, business losses, buy-out by a competitor, handsome offer by an investor, to name a few. The decision to sell your business will depend upon your sound business judgment and forecasts on the movement of the market. Whatever reason impels […]
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  • DO No. 18-A: Strengthening the Rights of Contractual Employees & Imposing Obligations on the Contractors

    DO No. 18-A: Strengthening the Rights of Contractual Employees & Imposing Obligations on the Contractors

    Contracting and sub-contracting arrangements are commonplace in most business transactions. Instead of hiring their own messengers, janitors and security guards, among others, entrepreneurs have learned the value of outsourcing these services to contractors. Truth be told, contracting out these jobs is actually more cost-efficient in terms of time and money for the usual businessman. However, […]
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  • Philippine Holidays for 2012

    Philippine Holidays for 2012

    On 24 November 2011, the President issued Proclamation No. 295 which declares the regular holidays, special non-working days and special holidays for the year 2012. Employers and employees alike should be familiar with these days. On the side of the employee, he needs to know the days when he is not required to work while […]
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  • Philippine Copyright

    Philippine Copyright

    Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (“IP Code”), is the law governing copyright, in addition to international treaties which the Philippines is a signatory to. Under the IP Code, copyright subsists in original and intellectual creations which are defined by the enumeration of such works namely: 1. […]
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  • Copyright Infringement

    Copyright Infringement

    Copying original and intellectual creations is considered as copyright infringement and is punishable under Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (“IP Code”). In order to prove copyright infringement, one must show that he has a valid copyright in the work allegedly infringed and that the perpetrator infringed […]
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  • Philippine Industrial Design

    Philippine Industrial Design

    The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines defines an industrial design as any composition of lines or colors or any three-dimensional form, whether or not associated with lines or colors; provided that such composition or form gives a special appearance to and can serve as pattern for an industrial product or handicraft. Simply put, it […]
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  • Philippine Utility Model

    Philippine Utility Model

    An invention patent is concerned with any technical solution of a problem in any field of human activity which is new, involves an inventive step and is industrially applicable. Such definition makes it difficult for people to secure an invention patent because most matters or products have already been invented. One may wonder what type […]
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  • How to Correct Errors in Your Birth Certificate without Going to Court

    How to Correct Errors in Your Birth Certificate without Going to Court

    As a general rule, no entry in the civil register shall be changed or corrected without a judicial order. Hence, the usual process for correcting errors in the birth certificate is to file a petition in court. Fortunately, Republic Act No. 9048, as recently amended by Republic Act No. 10172, allowed the administrative correction of […]
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  • Opposing a Trademark in the Philippines

    Opposing a Trademark in the Philippines

    If someone is seeking to register a trademark that may be confusingly similar to your trademark, you may file an opposition to such trademark within 30 days during its publication in the IPO e-gazette. Marks are published in the website www.ipophil.gov.ph. The Regulations on Inter Partes Proceedings govern petitions for opposition filed with the Philippine Intellectual […]
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  • Holiday Pay in the Philippines

    Holiday Pay in the Philippines

    Holiday pay has been defined as payment of the regular daily wage for any unworked regular holiday. However, not all employees are entitled to holiday pay. The benefit does not apply to: 1. Government employees 2. Those of retail and service establishments regularly employing less than ten (10) workers; 3. Househelpers and persons in the […]
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  • How to Terminate an Employee on the Ground of Retrenchment

    How to Terminate an Employee on the Ground of Retrenchment

    The right of management to dismiss workers on the ground of retrenchment to prevent serious losses is governed by Article 283 of the Labor Code. This is one of the authorized causes of termination of employment. However, before one can dismiss employees on the ground of retrenchment, four elements must be proven. Firstly, the losses […]
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  • Philippine Labor Law: Types of Employees

    Philippine Labor Law: Types of Employees

    In any business venture, there are two resources which must be considered: capital and labor. Every businessman knows the saying “to make money, you have to spend money.” Every business entails a bit of risk-taking. The ability and the willingness to take certain calculated risks are almost always essential for every business venture to succeed. […]
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  • How to File a Criminal Case in the Philippines

    How to File a Criminal Case in the Philippines

    If you are a victim of crime or felony in the Philippines, it is wise to report the crime or felony with the barangay and police authorities. Thereafter, you must secure a barangay blotter and police blotter or report so that you may use them as evidences. If you sustained injuries, go to a government […]
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  • Hours of Work of Employees

    Hours of Work of Employees

    HOURS OF WORK OF EMPLOYEES Article 83 of the Labor Code enunciates that the normal hours of work of any employee shall not exceed eight (8) hours a day. This is exclusive of the one (1) hour lunch break. The Supreme Court explained the rationale of this provision to safeguard the welfare of employees and […]
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  • Batas Kasambahay – Law Governing Employers and Their Househelp or Domestic Workers

    Batas Kasambahay – Law Governing Employers and Their Househelp or Domestic Workers

    Republic Act No. 10381 or the “Batas Kasambahay” is the law governing the rights and liabilities of both the househelps or domestic workers and their respective employers or “amo”. The Batas Kasambahay requires an Employment Contract be executed between the domestic worker and the employer before the commencement of the service in a language or […]
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  • Philippine Legal Advice

    Philippine Legal Advice

    Learn more about legal rights and remedies in the Philippines by clicking on the corresponding links below. The information provided here should not be construed as legal advice or opinion. This is for information purposes only and is not intended to solicit or create, and does not create, an attorney-client relationship between NDV Law and […]
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